压铸镁合金激光焊气孔形成原因的实验研究

压铸镁合金因含气量高而使得激光焊接气孔问题非常突出,为实现压铸镁合金的低气孔率焊接技术,通过对母材固态加热前后气孔特征参数、密度变化的分析以及焊前除氢后施焊与不除氢施焊气孔倾向的比较,研究了压铸镁合金中气体来源的特点及气孔形成过程.结果表明,母材中同时含有分子氢和原子氢,以高压气孔形式存在的分子氢以及以过饱和固溶形式存在的原子氢均是导致压铸镁合金激光焊产生大量气孔的原因.而向焊缝中引入Zr元素可以显著降低气孔倾向,但Zr的作用机理还有待于深入研究.     

镁合金激光焊接气孔问题的实验研究

对变形镁合金AZ31B、AZ80A,砂铸镁合金AM60B、AZ91D及压铸镁合金AM50A激光焊接气孔倾向进行研究.研究表明:变形镁合金激光焊气孔倾向很小,在较宽的焊接工艺参数范围内均能得到无气孔的焊缝. 砂铸镁合金AM60B及AZ91D激光焊时气孔对气体保护条件非常敏感,在侧吹气体保护角度及流量选择不合适时气孔率非常高,在优化的气保护条件下可得到气孔率较低的焊缝.而压铸镁合金AM50激光焊缝中气孔问题非常突出,调整工艺参数无法解决气孔问题,焊接过程中的加热及添加填充材料可以在一定程度上减少气孔.     

镁合金激光焊气孔问题研究现状与展望

综述了近年来针对镁合金激光焊气孔问题的围内外研究进展,对镁合金激光焊气孔产生的原因、影响因素及防止措施进行了分析,认为由母材的制造工艺所决定的原始含气量是影响镁合金激光焊气孔倾向的主要因素,而针对不同含气量的母材需要采取不同的气孔防止措施.提出了压铸镁合金激光焊气孔防止技术的研究方向.     

填充材料及稀土对压铸镁合金TIG焊接气孔的影响

采用挤压态AZ61镁合金和含有富钕(Nd)混合稀土元素的AZ61镁合金焊丝作填充材料对压铸AZ91D镁合金进行TIG填丝焊。为了对比焊缝气孔倾向,同时对压铸AZ91D镁合金进行了自熔焊接。采用扫描电镜(SEM)观察焊缝气孔形貌和分布,利用X射线能谱(EDS)仪分析焊缝成分。结果表明:在熔合线附近存在明显的微观和宏观气孔,前者应该主要为氢气孔,后者应该主要为遗传于母材的氮气孔;采用含气量低的挤压态AZ61作填充材料,能够较明显地降低焊接接头的气孔率,减小粗大气孔的尺寸和数量,应该是填充材料对熔池中气体的稀释作用所致;采用含富钕混合稀土的AZ61作填充材料,能够进一步降低焊接接头的气孔率,这应该是由于:富钕混合稀土通过增加镁合金对H的固溶度、与H反应生成稳定的氢化物和提高气泡溢出速度3种机制有效减少了氢气孔,并通过提高气泡溢出速度在一定程度上减少了氮气孔。     

DP780镀锌钢激光焊接性能与工艺

针对0.8 mm的车用DP780镀锌双相钢,采用4 kW的连续光纤激光器对材料进行激光搭接试验,通过调节两板间的预留间隙、激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量,研究了工艺参数对焊接接头焊缝的成形影响规律,同时分析各工艺参数对焊缝下塌量、抗拉强度、气孔状况的影响规律;最后基于焊缝抗拉强度、焊缝下塌量以及焊接过程中气孔状况评价焊接质量.结果表明,功率在3 800 W、焊接速度在95~100 mm/s,离焦量在-2~2 mm,预留间隙在0.2~0.25 mm区间的工艺参数条件下,焊接成形较好,此时的抗拉强度保持在180 MPa以上,下塌量总量在0.35~0.45 mm,以及飞溅和外部气孔较少.建立抗拉强度—焊缝下塌量—气孔状况方法评价焊接质量,采用此方法,能够改善气孔缺陷,提升焊接效率.     

预设间隙在5754铝合金激光摆动焊中的工艺研究

以5754铝合金3mm为研究对象,在探究出合适的激光功率、焊接速度、振镜扫描速度等参数的前提下,研究了预设间隙在5754铝合金3mm对接焊过程中对焊缝成型、气孔率、拉伸强度的影响.结果表明,与传统的激光自熔对接焊相比,激光摆动焊有利于减少焊缝中气孔的生成,气孔率为6%,并且对于拉伸强度有一定提升;在进行激光摆动对接焊的过程中,预设置间隙对于焊缝成型、气孔率、力学性能有一定影响,并在间隙为0.15mm时,得到气孔率最小2%、拉伸强度最大为母材的73%的焊接接头。     

D406A超高强度钢激光-TIG复合填丝焊接气孔特性分析

采用激光-TIG电弧复合填丝焊接6.6 mm厚的D406A超高强度钢，发现焊缝内部存在一定量气孔缺陷. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线探伤等方法进一步分析了焊缝内气孔形貌、分布特征及其形成机制，发现气孔内壁出现大量的C,O元素富集现象，根据线扫描分析与理论计算相结合，推测焊缝中气孔类型主要为CO气孔. 在此基础上，进一步探讨了焊接工艺参数对气孔率的影响规律，通过适当增大激光功率、减小送丝速度、增大保护气流量和提高焊接速度可以有效减少气孔，使气孔率降低到1%以下，为抑制D406A超高强钢激光-TIG电弧复合填丝焊接接头气孔提供理论基础.     

镁合金激光氩弧复合热源冷填丝焊接工艺

研究了镁合金的低功率激光-氩弧复合热源冷填丝焊接工艺.通过5 mm厚镁合金板材的堆焊试验,研究了焊接电流、焊接速度、钨极高度和热源距离等参数对焊缝成形和焊接熔深的影响,确定了钨极高度为0.75 mm,热源间距DLA为1.2 mm左右的焊接参数范围;在堆焊基础上,进行了2.5 mm厚镁合金板材的对焊试验,实现了单面焊双面成形,焊接速度达1 200 mm/min,焊接接头熔深为单TIG冷填丝接头熔深的两倍,抗拉强度达到母材的95%左右,实现了高速、优质的镁合金冷填丝焊接.另外,简要分析了激光的加入对焊接过程的影响.     

AZ31B变形镁合金CO2激光焊接模式及焊缝成形特点

用CO2激光对4 mm厚的AZ31B变形镁合金进行了焊接试验,试验中出现了三种焊接模式:小孔焊、热导焊、模式不稳定焊.分析发现在一定参数范围内激光功率是焊接模式的决定因素.提出用正面熔宽与纵深段熔深的比值来表征小孔焊焊缝的形状特点,并对焊缝形状参数的影响因素进行了分析.发现焊接热输入是控制焊缝形状的最主要因素,而焊接速度变化引起的激光能量利用率的变化和激光功率变化引起的等离子体羽翼导热影响范围的变化也是焊缝形状的影响因素.在保证熔透的前提下,选择较低的激光功率、较高的焊接速度和较弱的焊接规范有利于获得深而窄的焊缝.     

镁合金AZ91D真空压铸件的气孔分布

总结了镁合金真空压铸的优点,并进行了镁合金AZ91D的真空压铸,比较了真空压铸件和普通压铸件不同位置的气孔分布情况,发现真空压铸在降低镁合金压铸件气孔率方面有很大的作用;同时观察了两种压铸件热处理后表面气泡的分布情况,镁合金真空压铸大大降低压铸件中的气孔含量.     

Fibre laser welding of aluminium alloy

The objectives of this research are to investigate the effects of various welding conditions on penetration and defect formation, to clarify their welding phenomena and to develop the procedure of reduction of the defect. Fibre laser bead-on-plate welding was performed on several aluminium alloys, in particular A5083, at the power of 6 or 10 kW and several power densities from 0.4 kW/mm². It was found that the weld beads were narrower and deeper with an increase in the laser power density. For example, fully penetrated weld beads in 10 mm thick plates were produced at the laser power density of 640 kW/mm² and the welding speed of 10 m/min. However, convex–concave bead surfaces were formed. Moreover, in the case of the high power density, no porosity and many pores were present at high and low welding speeds, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of the ultra-high power density, few pores were generated in high speed welding. These reasons were interpreted by observing keyhole behaviour, bubble formation and the molten pool geometry during high power fibre laser welding with a high-speed video camera and microfocused X-ray transmission in situ observation method. Moreover, the porosity in the weld bead was reduced and prevented by the utilization of nitrogen gas instead of Ar gas, or the forward inclination angle of 40° (50° from the right angle) in Ar shielding gas.     

焊接工艺参数对镁合金CO2激光焊焊缝表面成形的影响

探讨了焊接工艺参数包括激光功率、焊接速度、正面和背面的保护气体流量对焊接工艺效果和接头成形的影响.结果表明,对AZ61和AZ31两种镁合金,激光功率的增大,焊缝正面和背面的熔宽都明显增大;而焊接速度的增大,焊缝正面和背面的熔宽明显减小.在同样的工艺参数情况下,AZ61的熔化效率比AZ31更高,获得的焊缝正面和背面熔宽更大.正面的保护气体流量大小对焊缝熔宽的影响较小,而背面保护气体流量对焊缝熔宽基本没有影响,但正面和背面气体流量主要影响到焊缝正反面的保护效果,影响到焊缝的表观.试验结果表明,在适当的工艺参数下,采用CO2激光焊接方法可以较好地实现不同厚度的AZ61和AZ31镁合金的焊接,而且焊缝成形良好,接头的力学性能优良.     

Laser welding of AZ61 magnesium-based alloys Laser welding of AZ61 magnesium-based alloys

0IntroductionMagnesium alloys containing small amounts of alloyedelements such as aluminum, manganese, zinc, zirconium,etc., have strength equaling that of mild steels. They dis-play high strength to weight ratio making them materials ofchoice whenever weight reduction is important or when it isimperative to reduce inertial forces (for rapidly moving ma-chine parts). Magnesiumalloys also have good castability,excellent recyclability and price competitiveness. Thereforethey are more and more wi…     

Laser welding of AZ61 magnesium-based alloys

Laser welding of AZ61 magnesium alloys was carried out using a CO2 laser welding experimental system. The welding properties of AZ61 sheets with different thickness were investigated. The effect of processing parameters including laser power, welding speed and protection gas flow was researched. The results show that laser power and welding speed have large effect on the weld width and joint dimensions. Protection gas flow has relatively slight effect on the weld width. The property test of three typical joints indicates that microhardness and tensile strength in weld zone are higher than that of AZ61 base metal, Joints with good appearance and excellent mechanical properties can be produced using CO2 laser welding method. The microstructure with small grains in weld zone is believed to be respoasible for the excellent mechanical properties of AZ61 joints.     

双光束激光填丝焊工艺对铝合金焊接气孔率的影响

以LF6铝合金为材料,CO2激光为热源,开展了双光束激光填丝焊气孔特性分析.与单光束激光填丝焊及双光束自熔焊相比,双光束激光填丝焊能够抑制气孔的产生,尤其是并行双光束激光焊抑制气孔效果更明显.在此基础上进一步分析了保护气体成分和激光能量对焊接气孔率的影响.结果表明,采用氦气保护时,等离子体对激光的屏蔽作用小,能够稳定焊接过程;激光功率过大或者过小都会导致匙孔的不稳定,造成焊缝气孔率增加.     

Stitch welding of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy by fiber laser

Stitch welding of plate covered skeleton structure of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloys has a variety of applications in aerospace vehicle manufacture. The laser stitch welding of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloys was carried out by a 4 kW ROFIN fiber laser. Influences of laser welding parameters on the macroscopic geometry, porosity, microstructure and mechanical properties of the stitch welded seams were investigated by digital microscope, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and universal tensile testing machine. The results showed that the three-pipe nozzle with gas flow rate larger than 5 L/min could avoid oxidization, presenting better shielding effect in comparison with the single-pipe nozzle. Porosity formation could be suppressed with the gap between plate and skeleton less than 0.1 mm, while the existing porosity can be reduced with remelting. The maximum shear strength of stitch welding joint with minimal porosity was obtained by employing laser power of 1700 W, welding speed of 1.5 m/min and defocusing distance of +8 mm.     

Factors controlling the magnesium weld morphology in deep penetration welding by a CO2 laser

In laser welding with power density beyond 10⁴ W · mm⁻², the formation of plasma cavities, commonly referred to as keyholes, leads to deep penetration welds with high aspect ratios. In this paper, the morphologies of keyhole welds produced with a 6 kW CW CO₂ laser on two die-cast magnesium alloys, AZ91 and AM50, are compared. It was found that the two magnesium alloys responded differently to laser welding. Though irregular weld cross-section profiles were consistently observed on each materials, bead dimensions often varied with the welding variables in contrasting ways. For both alloys, important characteristics of the weld beads such as depth, width, crown height (hump), and surface ripples were analyzed as a function of the welding parameters, most particularly the heat input. Results show that the use of heat input, a variable grouping two welding parameters into one, was often inadequate in characterizing the bead morphology. Several explanations are given, including base metal vaporization, but the process of bremsstralung absorption explains it well and rationalizes many observed characteristics of laser weld morphology.