Automatic generation of concept hierarchies using WordNet

This paper examines and proposes the automatic generation of concept hierarchies using WordNet. Existing researches have mostly explored the utilization of concept hierarchies, but have not addressed the prohibitive cost occurred in building large hierarchies manually. Several studies have examined the automatic generation of concept hierarchies for the numerical type data from a database. However, very little is known about the automatic generation of concept hierarchies for the nominal type data from a database, which is the subject of this paper. We propose the WordNet library method that first eliminates the ambiguity of the senses of nominal data values, constructs the concept hierarchy by overlapping the hypernym of the remaining senses, and lastly adjusts the resultant concept hierarchy to the preference of users. The proposed method is tested with a faculty employment database of a university. The automatic generation of hierarchies turns out to save efforts of experts or designers who build the concept hierarchies, and makes the hierarchy more objectively built than it is manually done.     

概念分层在人口普查数据中的应用

介绍了数据挖掘技术及人口普查的基本概念，阐述了概念分层的相关概念及算法，并将其应用在人口普查数据中。探讨了概念分层应用于人口普查数据中的重要意义及概念分层中的若干问题。     

基于概念相容性的概念树自动生成算法

在面向属性归纳(AOG)的数据挖掘中,属性归约及概念归纳都离不开概念层次.而概念层次一般都是先验的,当出现概念层次中没有的新的概念时,无法进行归纳.以属性论为基础的概念相容测度,将概念层次单纯的文字表示转换为其定性基准的表示,给出了名称型属性的概念层次树的动态生成算法.当有新的属性值出现时,可以不用重新生成概念树,只需调用该算法,将新的属性值插入已有概念层次树即可.从而可以让概念归纳与修改概念层次同时进行,使AOG具有了动态归纳的特性.     

概念层次中基于粗糙集的优化可信规则获取

随着系统中数据量剧增,规则太多以及不同决策者对规则有不同层次需求等问题,概念层次提供了一种解决方法。讨论条件属性具有概念层次的情况下,利用粗糙集理论分析属性在不同层次组合下的正域和规则关系,自顶向下提出了概念层次中基于粗糙集的优化可信规则获取的算法。该算法改进了现有的属性约简策略,借助描述子实现属性约简并获取优化可信规则。考虑到层次上正域为空和正域没有新增对象的特殊情况,提高了规则获取的效率。最后通过实例分析说明该算法的可行性。     

一种新的通用概念层次编码方法

概念层次是目前数据挖掘和知识发现的前沿性方法。为了把概念层次用于数据挖掘,需要解决如何从现有数据集自动生成概念层次,如何存储和处理网状概念层次结构及如何提高概念层次结构的搜索效率等问题。文章提出适用于任何数据挖掘功能的通用编码方法——基于层次域的概念层次实数编码法,该方法有效地解决了概念层次的存储和检索问题,并在微机电系统领域进行了与典型算法的对比分析。     

One family, many voices: Can multiple synthetic voices be used as navigational cues in hierarchical interfaces?

Many commercial applications use synthetic speech for conveying information. In many cases the structure of the information is hierarchical (e.g. menus). In this article, we describe the results of two experiments that examine the possibility of conveying hierarchies (family of trees) using multiple synthetic voices. We postulate that if hierarchical structures can be conveyed using synthetic speech, then navigation in these hierarchies can be improved. In the first experiment, hierarchies containing 10 nodes, with a depth of 3 levels, were created. We used synthetic voices to represent nodes in these hierarchies. A within-subjects study (N = 12) was conducted to compare multiple synthetic voices against single synthetic voices for locating the positions of nodes in a hierarchy. Multiple synthetic voices were created by manipulating synthetic voice parameters according to a set of design principles. Results of the first experiment showed that the subjects performed the tasks significantly better with multiple synthetic voices than with single synthetic voices. To investigate the effect of multiple synthetic voices on complex hierarchies a second experiment was conducted. A hierarchy of 27 nodes was created and a between-subjects study (N = 16) was carried out. The results of this experiment showed that the participants recalled 84.38% of the nodes accurately. Results from these studies imply that multiple synthetic voices can be effectively used to represent and provide navigation cues in interfaces structured as hierarchies.     

基于属性取值域划分的关系数据获取

关系数据获取是一个很重要的研究领域。为了提高挖掘的针对性和有效性,提出了一种基于属性取值域层次划分的元组概念与属性值概念的交替获取方法。这些属性取值域上的划分是关系中所蕴涵的重要信息。另外,从属性取值域的层次划分出发,定义了一类扩展的关系-粗值关系。每个元组概念都是某个粗值关系中的概念外延。因此,元组概念获取可转化为构造关系的概念格,并证明一个关系与某些粗值关系的横向并的概念格等于它们各自概念格的横向并。由简单概念格的并构造复杂概念格可减少构造概念格的复杂性。     

Capturing what human eyes perceive: A visual hierarchy generation approach to emulating saliency-based visual attention for grid-like urban street networks

Visual hierarchy is an important notion in urban imagery research. As the skeletons of cities, urban streets attract more attention from urban residents and street network hierarchies are important references for urban planning and urban studies. However, due to the characteristic of over-regularization, it is often difficult for humans to differentiate visual salience for grid-like street networks, resulting in the hierarchies of grid-like streets yielded by existing methods being prone to cause visual cognitive confusion. Therefore, in this study, we proposed a novel model to quantify the extent to which a street attracts human visual attention through emulating the visual attention mechanism that can capture the focus of relatively significant elements at different levels of perception. Using the natural street (also known as the stroke) as the sensor unit, the comprehensive visual salience (CVS) index combining the geometric competitive factors of natural streets at the local scale and psychological competitive factors of natural streets at the global scale is designed. Finally, the visual salience of the urban natural streets is ranked by these CVS scores and the visual hierarchy is derived by the head/tail breaks scheme. The model was applied to eight typical grid-like street networks and the results show that the performance of visual discrimination on street hierarchies is greatly improved. Our hierarchy generation method could effectively detect visually prominent streets for grid-like street networks and generate the visual hierarchies of grid-like street networks that conform to the hierarchies perceived by human eyes. These results would provide helpful suggestions in practical urban street network applications.     

基于粗糙集的数据概化算法

应用粗糙集理论对大型数据库中的数据概化进行了研究，提出了对数据的动态概念层次划分算法，用以对相关数据集进行属性约简，并在此基础上挖掘概化特征，动态维护概念层次树。     

A self-organizing map for transactional data and the related categorical domain

After projecting high dimensional data into a two-dimension map via the SOM, users can easily view the inner structure of the data on the 2-D map. In the early stage of data mining, it is useful for any kind of data to inspect their inner structure. However, few studies apply the SOM to transactional data and the related categorical domain, which are usually accompanied with concept hierarchies. Concept hierarchies contain information about the data but are almost ignored in such researches. This may cause mistakes in mapping. In this paper, we propose an extended SOM model, the SOMCD, which can map the varied kinds of data in the categorical domain into a 2-D map and visualize the inner structure on the map. By using tree structures to represent the different kinds of data objects and the neurons’ prototypes, a new devised distance measure which takes information embedded in concept hierarchies into consideration can properly find the similarity between the data objects and the neurons. Besides the distance measure, we base the SOMCD on a tree-growing adaptation method and integrate the U-Matrix for visualization. Users can hierarchically separate the trained neurons on the SOMCD's map into different groups and cluster the data objects eventually. From the experiments in synthetic and real datasets, the SOMCD performs better than other SOM variants and clustering algorithms in visualization, mapping and clustering.     

Evaluating Interface Esthetics

Gestalt psychologists promulgated the principles of visual organization in the early twentieth century. These principles have been discussed and re-emphasized, and their importance and relevance to user interface design are understood. However, a limited number of systems represent and make adequate use of this knowledge in the form of a design tool that supports certain aspects of the user interface design process. The graphic design rules that these systems use are extremely rudimentary and often vastly oversimplified. Most of them have no concept of design basics such as visual balance or rhythm. In this paper, we attempt to synthesize the guidelines and empirical data related to the formatting of screen layouts into a well-defined model. Fourteen esthetic characteristics have been selected for the purpose. The results of our exercise suggest that these characteristics are important to prospective viewers. Received 5 May 1999 / Revised 17 July 2000 / Accepted in revised form 27 November 2000     

A visual shell interface to a database

This paper describes a visual command language for a workstation with a bit-mapped display and a mouse that can be used to create different user interfaces. Primitive interface components can be combined into more complex user interfaces. The user specifies interconnections between these components over which data and commands can be sent by pointing with a mouse. Primitive interface components are described for creating several different database user interfaces. The design and implementation of the software architecture is described, including the primitives for database interfaces and the communication protocols used by the system.     

Visual Comparison of Hierarchically Organized Data

We provide a novel visualization method for the comparison of hierarchically organized data. Our technique visualizes a pair of hierarchies that are to be compared and simultaneously depicts how these hierarchies are related by explicitly visualizing the relations between matching subhierarchies. Elements that are unique to each hierarchy are shown, as well as the way in which hierarchy elements are relocated, split or joined. The relations between hierarchy elements are visualized using Hierarchical Edge Bundles (HEBs). HEBs reduce visual clutter, they visually emphasize the aforementioned splits, joins, and relocations of subhierarchies, and they provide an intuitive way in which users can interact with the relations. The focus throughout this paper is on the comparison of different versions of hierarchically organized software systems, but the technique is applicable to other kinds of hierarchical data as well. Various data sets of actual software systems are used to show how our technique can be employed to easily spot splits, joins, and relocations of elements, how sorting both hierarchies with respect to each other facilitates comparison tasks, and how user interaction is supported.     

一种基于取样的概念层次数据挖掘新算法

本文分析了几种传统属性归纳算法，针对它们的不足，提出了基于取样的概念层次挖掘算法，它不仅可以处理不平衡的概念层次，而且得到的泛化规则可以反映实际的数据分布。此外，这种算法具有最优的时间和空间复杂性。实验证明，本文算法是有效、可行的。     

XQBE: A Graphical Environment to Query XML Data

XQuery, the standard query language for XML, is increasingly popular among computer scientists with SQL background, since XQuery and SQL require comparable skills. However, these experts are limited in number, and the availability of easier XQuery “dialects” could be extremely valuable. With this motivation in mind, we designed XQBE, a visual dialect of XQuery inspired by the QBE language (Query by Example). Coherent with the hierarchical nature of XML, XQBE uses one or more hierarchical structures to denote the input documents and one structure to denote the document produced in output. These structures are annotated to express selection predicates; explicit binding edges connecting the nodes of these structures visualize the input/output mappings. This paper presents XQBE through several examples and describes the main features of our implementation of the language, a visual editor coupled with an XQBE-to-XQuery translator. Indeed, the XQBE front-end is a general purpose user-friendly visual query interface, capable of providing access to any data storage system that exposes XQuery APIs. Available schema information can be exploited to guide users in querying data sets they are not familiar with. Also, switching between the visual and textual versions of the same query could be helpful for XQuery learners.     

Online querying of d-dimensional hierarchies

In this paper we describe a distributed system designed to efficiently store, query and update multidimensional data organized into concept hierarchies and dispersed over a network. Our system employs an adaptive scheme that automatically adjusts the level of indexing according to the granularity of the incoming queries, without assuming any prior knowledge of the workload. Efficient roll-up and drill-down operations take place in order to maximize the performance by minimizing query flooding. Updates are performed on-line, with minimal communication overhead, depending on the level of consistency needed. Extensive experimental evaluation shows that, on top of the advantages that a distributed storage offers, our method answers the vast majority of incoming queries, both point and aggregate ones, without flooding the network and without causing significant storage or load imbalance. Our scheme proves to be especially efficient in cases of skewed workloads, even when these change dynamically with time. At the same time, it manages to preserve the hierarchical nature of data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt towards the support of concept hierarchies in DHTs.     

基于概念的文本结构分析方法

本结构分析是本处理领域中的重要内容,它可以有效地改进本要、本检索以及本过滤的精度、中简要描述了本的物理结构和逻辑结构以及本分析的背景,提出了本结构分析中的层次分析方法。该方法保证了层次是分的有序性,可操作性强,便于解释,不依融于具体领域。其基本思想是对于输入本,首先识别出本的物理结构,然后在概念映射、要领密度和概念消歧的基础上,将本依据主题划分为若干层次;最终获得本的逻     

HIERARCHY: A METHOD FOR ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF HIERARCHIES AND NETWORKS

A set of mathematical and logical objects have been comprised under a new generalized concept of hierarchy. Seven postulates are formulated demarcating the volume of this concept. The compatibility of the existing definitions of hierarchies is attained by comparing them with the more general one by means of nine primary and four secondary invariant characteristics. The latter are derived from Ostwald's 1910 invariants by using Klein's 1872 methods of developing generations of invariants. The generalized concept embodies the former notions of hierarchies. The method for describing a hierarchy is illustrated for the process and the hierarchic system.     

MagicMeeting: A Collaborative Tangible Augmented Reality System

We describe an augmented reality (AR) system that allows multiple participants to interact with 2D and 3D data using tangible user interfaces. The system features face-to-face communication, collaborative viewing and manipulation of 3D models, and seamless access to 2D desktop applications within the shared 3D space. All virtual content, including 3D models and 2D desktop windows, is attached to tracked physical objects in order to leverage the efficiencies of natural two-handed manipulation. The presence of 2D desktop space within 3D facilitates data exchange between the two realms, enables control of 3D information by 2D applications, and generally increases productivity by providing access to familiar tools. We present a general concept for a collaborative tangible AR system, including a comprehensive set of interaction techniques, a distributed hardware setup, and a component-based software architecture that can be flexibly configured using XML. We show the validity of our concept with an implementation of an application scenario from the automotive industry.