有叶普通涡轮增压器与发动机稳态匹配模型的建立、验证与模拟

建立了在稳态工况下有叶普通涡轮增压器和发动机匹配的数学模型，讨论了建模中的几个关键问题。在此基础上，利用Simulink建立了有叶固定截面涡轮增压器与发动机匹配的模拟模型，并通过发动机与涡轮增压器的匹配试验对模拟模型进行了验证，结果表明模型是正确的，并互具有较高的准确性。最后，通过模拟给出了不同发动机工况下的增压压比、过量空气系数、涡轮膨胀比、增压器转速等变化情况，得出了一些有关涡轮增压器与发动机匹配的结论。     

柴油机注汽锅轮增压系统

针对涡轮增压柴油机在低工况运行时，出现增压压力不足、燃烧过量空气系数小和废气排温较高等固有特性，提出了一种利用增压器废气余热产生水蒸气，并注入涡轮来提高增压器的压比和空气量新方法，以改善涡轮增压器与柴油机的匹配，提高柴油机性能。     

柴油机注汽涡轮增压系统

针对涡轮增压柴油机在低工况运行时 ,出现增压压力不足、燃烧过量空气系数小和废气排温较高等固有特性 ,提出了一种利用增压器废气余热产生水蒸气 ,并注入涡轮来提高增压器的压比和空气量新方法 ,以改善涡轮增压器与柴油机的匹配 ,提高柴油机性能     

某型柴油机与VGT增压器的匹配计算研究

发动机与涡轮增压器的匹配是增压技术的重要研究内容.普通涡轮增压器与发动机匹配时普遍存在着低速时转矩不足、经济性差等问题.可变几何涡轮增压器(VGT)是解决增压柴油机低工况和瞬态响应慢的重要技术措施.为了分析VGT对某型柴油机性能的影响,基于GT-POWER仿真平台对其进行了建模和仿真研究.结果表明:通过调整VGT涡轮喷嘴角度可以优化柴油机与VGT的匹配.低工况下,可以有效提高扭矩、增压压力和涡前排气温度,降低燃油消耗率.     

VGT对柴油机经济性和动力性影响的试验研究

将VGT60应用于YN4100QBZ柴油机上，建立了试验台架，确定了试验方法。利用VGT实时监控系统进行了系统全面的试验，考察了VGT对增压压力和过量空气系数的调节特点。对各种负荷和转速工况下的大量试验数据进行了整理分析，并与原机的经济性和动力性进行了对比，得出了VGT对柴油机经济性和动力性的影响特点和规律，为实现电控VGT与柴油机在全工况范围内的优化匹配打下了基础。     

柴油机二级可调增压系统高海拔标定试验

通过内燃机高海拔模拟试验台进行了二级可调增压柴油机不同海拔和工况性能试验,研究了高压级可变截面涡轮增压器(VGT)叶片开度对二级可调增压柴油机性能的影响,得到了不同海拔全工况VGT叶片最佳开度脉谱.结果表明:在不同海拔下,大负荷工况VGT叶片最佳开度随转速增加逐渐增大,中、小负荷工况VGT叶片最佳开度随转速增加先减小后增大;随海拔升高,相同工况下的VGT叶片最佳开度逐渐减小;与单级增压柴油机相比,海拔5.5,km二级可调增压柴油机最大转矩和标定功率分别提高了11.0%,和11.8%,,低速转矩平均提高了31.1%,,适应性系数提高了19.2%,,最低燃油消耗率和低速时燃油消耗率分别降低了4.8%,和15.3%,;不同海拔高、低压级增压器与柴油机的联合运行线均位于压气机较高效率区.     

海上平台8PA5LG双燃料发动机专用涡轮增压器的改进应用研究

针对海上平台8PA5LG双燃料发电机组普遍存在的使用频率高、故障率高、服役时间长等问题,通过涡轮增压器的改造来提高发动机的性能,延长使用寿命。该机使用轴流式涡轮增压器,通过与发动机重新进行增压匹配和油、气管道的布置,实现了混流式涡轮增压器的整体换装。改造结果表明:在发动机的常用工况条件下,改造的涡轮增压器具有更好的经济性、维护性和匹配性。     

高海拔可调两级增压柴油机油气协同控制研究

以某Ⅴ型6缸柴油机为研究对象,采用GT-Power软件开展高海拔可调两级涡轮增压柴油机油气协同控制研究。仿真模型的进气模块选用可调两级涡轮增压系统,燃烧模块的标定采用柴油机在低过量空气系数下的试验数据进行。采用该标定后的仿真模型开展了不同过量空气系数和喷油量工况下柴油机高原性能仿真计算。结果表明:在海拔4 500 m,且满足最高燃烧压力和排温限制的条件下,采用可调两级增压并结合油气协同控制,柴油机扭矩和功率可达到100%恢复;研究同时获得了最大扭矩和最大功率恢复的油气协同控制方法。     

小排量赛车发动机涡轮增压匹配计算及性能预测

遵照大学生方程式汽车大赛的有关规则,以某款0.6L汽油发动机为原型,经理论计算对涡轮增压器进行了选型.并应用GT-Power软件建立了发动机一维仿真模型,增加了进气限制器、涡轮增压器、中冷器和排气泄压阀等部分,进行了发动机和涡轮增压器的匹配计算与性能预测,结果表明二者匹配良好、达到了性能目标.此外,还针对规则要求加装了进气限制器,分析了该进气限制器对涡轮增压发动机的影响.最后,通过发动机台架试验获得发动机外特性曲线,验证了增压器与发动机匹配良好,仿真结果与台架试验结果基本相符.     

废气涡轮增压与发动机匹配的理论计算研究

根据废气涡轮增压的工作原理、结构特性，对增压器和发动机的空气流量和其他方面的匹配进行了计算和理论分析，提出了发动机选配增压器的基本过程和注意事项，以及重新为指定发动机设计增压器的基本步骤。     

具有智能化特征的安全稳定分析与控制决策技术

安全稳定预警与控制辅助决策是智能电网调度技术支持系统不可缺少的应用类功能。在分析安全稳定分析与控制决策计算工作特点的基础上,提出安全稳定分析与控制决策支持智能化的主要特征：自动化和自适应性。介绍了自动化的安全稳定分析计算技术,包括输入数据准备、任务执行和输出结果的自动化处理;阐述了自适应电网运行工况、外部环境和硬件运行状态的安全稳定分析技术,包括调整应用功能的输入数据和妥善处理安全稳定性交互影响,以及根据分析计算任务要求动态优化调度计算资源。这些技术已用于安全稳定综合防御系统,提高了分析结果的适应性和分析计算的效率,在电网运行规划、计划安全校核、超短期安全态势预测、调度操作安全校核和在线分析与控制等电网调度运行管理中发挥作用。     

过热器再热器爆漏事故的原因分析及对策

过热器、再热器爆漏事故严重影响了锅炉机组的安全性和经济性,而造成过热器、再热器爆漏事故的主要因素有超温爆管、磨损、高温腐蚀、热疲劳、质量失控等。通过对这些因素的主要原因和爆口特征的分析,提出了一些过热器、再热器爆漏事故的防治措施。     

Hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials and their applications

Wettability of a material’s surface plays a significant role in how fluids interact with such surfaces. Wetting behavior is universal but can vary depending on the chemical nature of the solid and liquid phases. Plants and animals adapt to their environment by having evolved special properties. These properties are such as hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic surface has a strong affinity to water and spreading of water on such surface is preferred. The degree of hydrophilicity of the substance can be measured by measuring the contact angle between the liquid and solid phases. Hydrophobic materials are known as non-polar materials with a low affinity to water, which makes them water repelling. A contact angle of less than 90° indicates hydrophilic interaction where as an angle greater than 90° indicates a hydrophobic interaction. More recently, superwetting such as superhydrophilicity has been receiving an increased focus in the literature due to its potential significance. Superhydrophilic surface has a contact angle of less than 5°.

The fabrication of hydrophilic materials can be carried out in two main ways: depositing molecules on surfaces or modification of surface chemistry. Both methods have been successful historically in achieving their intended purposes. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials can be produced with many fabrication methods such as layer-by-layer assembly, laser process, the solution-immersion method, sol-gen techniques, chemical etching, and Hummer’s method.

The applications of such an important property are significant. For example, hydrophilic surfaces can be used in anti-fogging applications, biomedical, filtration, heat pipes, and many others. Hydrophobic and superhydrophobic materials have been successfully applied in many sectors, such as: (I) the removal of petroleum from aqueous solutions, (II) applied to plastic, ceramics, and mesh to contribute to the oil removal from aqueous solutions, (III) hydrophobic layers have a strong self-cleaning effect on plastics, heat pipes, metals, textiles, glass, paints, and electronics, (IV) hydrophobic layers improve the anti-freezing behavior of heat pipes which prevents unwanted build-up and (V) they function as a water and dust protecting coat on electronics.

The presence of this property is historic but there is still a huge potential for development for its applications in many sectors such as water treatment, heat transfer applications, biomedical devices, and many more.     

Defect and impurity diagnostics and process monitoring

The review focuses on four areas of defect and impurity diagnostics: (i) the determination of parasitic resistances, (ii) quantum efficiency analysis including light-beam-induced current measurement systems which use spectrally resolved currents to determine local recombination in solar cells, (iii) methods to determine the recombination properties in solar cell precursors and (iv) techniques suitable for the recognition of the type of impurity or defect, which is responsible for increased recombination. In general, emphasis is on those methods, which are capable of delivering spatially resolved information. The use of the specific metastability features of a defect for its identification is exemplified. In addition, carrier lifetime spectroscopy methods utilising the temperature or the injection dependence of defect recombination are outlined.     

Hydrogen and electricity from water and light

Four self-driven photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers: n-TiO₂/p-CdTe, n-TiO₂/p-GaP, n-SrTiO₃/p-CdTe and n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP were constructed and examined in 1 M NaOH. the current-potential curves of the individual electrodes and the current-cell voltage relationships were measured. Cell current-density measurements versus time demonstrated that the output of each cell is stable for at least 12 h. the n-SrTiO₃/p-GaP cell under xenon light irradiation was the most efficient at 0·7 per cent. the n-TiO₂/p-GaP cell was estimated as the most efficient under solar light at 0·1 per cent. the stability of p-CdTe and its energy gap of 1·5 eV make it a prospect for use as a photocathode in future photoelectrochemical hydrogen producers.     

铁道机车车辆轮轨的摩擦磨损与节能降耗

阐述了铁道机车车辆轮轨摩擦磨损的现状;研究了内燃机车车轮、闸瓦和钢轨的消耗数量及相应的维修费用;指出了采用适当的新技术之后,在节能降耗方面会产生显著的经济效益。     

能源的开发利用与节能

在节能与环保问题成为当今全球性重要研究课题的情况下,笔者对中国能源的现状、新能源开发问题和在用车辆的环保节能问题进行了研究探讨。认为我国应加大开发可再生能源、核能源的力度,开发城市生活垃圾的新能源,找出在用柴油车实现环保节能的一些新措施。     

国内外能耗监测控制管理理论与实践

能耗监测是能源管理中的重要环节,国外不少国家在这方面都进行了积极的努力,制定了一些相关政策,并取得了一部分研究成果.我国于上世纪90年代初就出台了关于能耗监测的有关规定,2007年颁布的《单位GDP能耗监测体系实施方案》规定了能耗监测的主体、主要内容和指标.工业、交通运输和建筑是我国三大“耗能大户”,因此能耗监测研究和管理实践也主要集中在这三个领域.信息技术的发展为工业企业的能耗监测提供了基础平台,运用计算机信息技术对能耗实行现代化管理,成为企业实现信息化管理、降低成本的一种重要手段.道路交通约占我国交通运输业能耗的75％,因而对道路交通能耗的监测是交通运输业能耗监测的主要任务,而对机车能耗的监测是铁路运输能耗监测的主要内容之一.建筑能耗监测主要针对大型公共建筑,通过信息化手段进行信息采集及能耗监测.目前有关能耗监测的研究还处于起步阶段,尚未全面展开,能耗监测技术还不成熟,监测设备也不齐全.今后除了要继续探索能耗监测技术以外,还应重点加强对主要行业能耗监测控制管理体系的研究.     

The roles of science and technology in energy and environment research and development

Countries are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of science and technology in relation to national development and the necessity of formulating a concise science and technology policy. The need to strengthen and orient the scientific and technological infrastructure in line with national development goals, through more effective use of an available qualified work force and the higher education system, is becoming widely recognized. Consequently, appropriate methods of assessing the impact of science and technology on national development are needed so that efforts are concentrated on areas potentially having substantial impacts. Numerous planning studies have been undertaken to this end, particularly by international organizations such as UNESCO, UNIDO, OECD and IEA. This study examines the inter‐relationships of the disciplines of science and technology with energy and environment research and development (R&D) activities, particularly for developing countries. The connections between these topics are discussed along with some basic methods that can be used to exploit the relations. Some illustrative examples are presented. It is anticipated that the present study will serve as a preliminary step for more comprehensive work by providing an example of the utilization of formal methods in formulating science and technology policy for energy and environment R&D. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

火电厂TSI安装调试及常见故障诊断和处理

火电机组TSI探头的安装与调试是一个较为复杂和精细的工作.是火电厂热控安装不可或缺的最重要的组成部分.文章对各种测量探头的原理进行了分析,理论结合实际,将原理图和现场安装图进行对照,通俗易懂.对这些TSI探头在实际安装时应注意的细节问题做了详尽的阐述,同时对试车过程中出现的问题进行了分析并提出了处理措施.对火电机组汽轮机本体热工仪表安装工作有一定的指导意义.