Evaluation of the nature,origin and potentiality of the subsurface Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous source rocks in Melleiha G-1x well,North Western Desert,Egypt

The present work aims to evaluate the nature and origin of the source rock potentiality of subsurface Middle Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous source rocks in Melleiha G-1x well. This target was achieved throughout the evaluation of total organic carbon, rock Eval pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance for fifteen cutting samples and three extract samples collected from Khatatba, Alam El Bueib and Kharita formations in the studied well. The result revealed that the main hydrocarbon of source rocks, for the Middle Jurassic (Khatatba Fm.) is mainly mature, and has good capability of producing oil and minor gas. Lower Cretaceous source rocks (Alam El Bueib Fm.) are mature, derived from mixed organic sources and have fair to good capability to generate gas and oil. Kharita Formation of immature source rocks originated from terrestrial origin and has poor to fair potential to produce gas. This indicates that Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations take the direction of increasing maturity far away from the direction of biodegradation and can be considered as effective source potential in the Melleiha G-1x well.     

Isopach,lithofacies changes,and source rocks chracteristics of Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations of some wells in North East Western Desert,Egypt

The present work deals with isopach, lithofacies changes, and source rock chracteristics of Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations of some wells in North East Western Desert. Isopach and lithofacies changes showed that the thickness of Khatatba Formation increases toward the south western direction and decreases toward northern parts, and the sediments consisting of sandstone and shale facies indicate a shallow marine environment. Alam El-Bueib sediments increase toward the north direction, and argillaceous sandstone facies reflect terrestrial-to-shallow marine environment. The geochemical analysis showed that Khatatba Formation bears a mature source rock and has poor-to-good generating capability for both oil and gas and lie within the early generation window and oil window. Alam El Buieb Formation constitutes a mature source rock and has poor-to-good generating capability for both oil and gas. It can be stated that Khatatba and Alam El Buieb are the main source rock for hydrocarbon accumulations rich with organic sediments and could be considered as effective source rocks for generating hydrocarbons in the the studied wells.     

Biomarkers Assessment of Crude Oils and Extracts from Jurassic-Cretaceous Rocks,North Qattara Depression,North Western Desert,Egypt

Abstract

Crude oils together with extracts from the Middle Jurassic (Khatatba Formation), Barremian-Early Aptian Alam El Bueib Formation, and Early Albian Kharita Formation were collected from five wells (Ras Qattara-Zarif-5, Ras Qattara-Zarif-3, and Zarif-1, Zarif-2, SW Zarif-1) in the North Qattara Depression. Biomarkers (pristane/phytane, isoprenoids/n-alkanes, steranes, triterpanes, C₂₉ steranes 20S/20S + 20R, C₂₃ tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane, Ts/Tm, C₃₀ moretane/C₃₀ hopane ratios, homohopane and gammacerane indices) of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction were analyzed in order to assess the source and maturity of the crude oils and the extracts. The results suggested that the oils from Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations are mature, derived from source rocks containing marine and terrestrial organic matter, respectively. The source environments and maturity of the oil from the Khatatba Formation is similar to that of the Khatatba source rock extract. The oil from the Alam El Bueib formation differs from the extracts of the Alam El Bueib and Kharita formations. The Khatatba formation seems to be an effective source rock in the North Qattara Depression.     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF MIDDLE JURASSIC COALY AND LACUSTRINE AND UPPER JURASSIC – LOWERMOST CRETACEOUS MARINE SOURCE ROCKS IN THE SØGNE BASIN,NORTH SEA

The Søgne Basin in the Danish‐Norwegian Central Graben is unique in the North Sea because it has been proven to contain commercial volumes of hydrocarbons derived only from Middle Jurassic coaly source rocks. Exploration here relies on the identification of good quality, mature Middle Jurassic coaly and lacustrine source rocks and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine source rocks. The present study examines source rock data from almost 900 Middle Jurassic and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous samples from 21 wells together with 286 vitrinite reflectance data from 14 wells. The kerogen composition and kinetics for bulk petroleum formation of three Middle Jurassic lacustrine samples were also determined. Differences in kerogen composition between the coaly and marine source rocks result in two principal oil windows: (i) the effective oil window for Middle Jurassic coaly strata, located at ～3800 m and spanning at least ～650 m; and (ii) the oil window for Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine mudstones, located at ～3250 m and spanning ～650 m. A possible third oil window may relate to Middle Jurassic lacustrine deposits. Middle Jurassic coaly strata are thermally mature in the southern part of the Søgne Basin and probably also in the north, whereas they are largely immature in the central part of the basin. HI_max values of the Middle Jurassic coals range from ～150–280 mg HC/g TOC indicating that they are gas‐prone to gas/oil‐prone. The overall source rock quality of the Middle Jurassic coaly rocks is fair to good, although a relatively large number of the samples are of poor source rock quality. At the present day, Middle Jurassic oil‐prone or gas/oil‐prone rocks occur in the southern part of the basin and possibly in a narrow zone in the northern part. In the remainder of the basin, these deposits are considered to be gas‐prone or are absent. Wells in the northernmost part of the Søgne Basin / southernmost Steinbit Terrace encountered Middle Jurassic organic–rich lacustrine mudstones with sapropelic kerogen, high HI values reaching 770 mg HC/g TOC and E_a‐distributions characterised by a single dominant E_a‐peak. The presence of lacustrine mudstones is also suggested by a limited number of samples with HI values above 300 mg HC/g TOC in the southern part of the basin; in addition, palynofacies demonstrate a progressive increase in the abundance and areal extent of lacustrine and brackish open water conditions during Callovian times. A regional presence of oil‐prone Middle Jurassic lacustrine source rocks in the Søgne Basin, however, remains speculative. Middle Jurassic kitchen areas may be present in an elongated palaeo‐depression in the northern part of the Søgne Basin and in restricted areas in the south. Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous mudstones are thermally mature in the central, western and northern parts of the basin; they are immature in the eastern part towards the Coffee Soil Fault, and overmature in the southernmost part. Only a minor proportion of the mudstones have HI values >300 mg HC/g TOC, and the present‐day source rock quality is for the best samples fair to good. In the south and probably also in most of the northern part of the Søgne Basin, the mudstones are most likely gas‐prone, whereas they may be gas/oil‐prone in the central part of the basin. A narrow elongated zone in the northern part of the basin may be oil‐prone. The marine mudstones are, however, volumetrically more significant than the Middle Jurassic strata. Possible Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous kitchen areas are today restricted to the central Søgne Basin and the elongated palaeo‐depression in the north.     

酒泉盆地酒西坳陷原油油源

酒泉盆地酒西坳陷目前已发现的原油主要分布在青西凹陷和南部凸起,可分为3种不同类型,油源分别为青西凹陷青南次凹下白垩统不同层段的烃源岩。第1类原油为低成熟原油,油源主要为低成熟的下白垩统下沟组上段烃源岩,下沟组中段上部烃源岩可能也有一定的贡献;第2类原油为中等成熟原油,油源主要为下沟组中段烃源岩,下沟组下段上部烃源岩可能也有部分贡献;第3类原油为高成熟原油,油源为下沟组下段和赤金堡组烃源岩。青南次凹中部柳沟庄油田中-浅层的原油主要为第2类原油,少量为第1类原油,油源分别为青南次凹中部下沟组中段和下沟组上段烃源岩;青南次凹中部深层的原油为第3类原油,油源为青南次凹中部深层的下沟组下段和赤金堡组烃源岩。青南次凹南部的窟窿山构造带和北部的柳北构造带的原油属于第3类原油,油源分别为青南次凹南部和北部下沟组下段与赤金堡组烃源岩。南部凸起的鸭儿峡-老君庙-石油沟构造带的原油属于第2类原油,油源为青南次凹中部下沟组中段烃源岩。青南次凹的下沟组中段、下沟组下段和赤金堡组是酒西坳陷的主力烃源层。     

Stratigraphic distribution of the palynomorphs and the particulate organic matter in subsurface Lower/Middle Cretaceous deposits,Western Desert of Egypt: Palynological and geochemical approach

The stratigraphic distribution of the palynomorphs and particulate organic matter was studied in the subsurface Lower/Middle Cretaceous sections in Ii-26-1 and Ig-30-1 wells, located in north Western Desert of Egypt. Some important palynofacies parameters were employed as indicators of proximal–distal trends. The spatial and stratigraphical variations of six palynofacies categories had been illustrated. Optically, the type and nature of the recovered particulate organic matter together with their quantity were combined to reveal the prevailing paleoenvironmental conditions during deposition of the concerning sections. Thirty-seven samples were selected from the two wells to carry the total organic carbon (TOC) and Rock–Eval Pyrolysis analyses in order to geochemically evaluate the source rock.TOC and Rock–Eval Pyrolysis analyses illustrate extremely low TOC and HI values, demonstrating that the Alam El Bueib, Alamein, Dahab, Kharita and Bahariya formations are comprised principally of type IV kerogen and a few type III kerogen components. Therefore, they are inert to slightly gas prone, signifying a strong deficiency of hydrogen-enriched organic matter. Palynofacies analysis implies that all the studied formations have highly oxidized terrestrial organic matter (brown phytoclasts and black woods).     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系风化壳古油藏的确定及其意义

岩心观察与岩石薄片分析表明,鄂尔多斯盆地中央隆起带奥陶系风化壳储层沥青含量丰富,其光性特征显示为石油裂解的残余物,是古油藏存在的直接证据,沥青热演化程度高,如旬探1井的沥青反射率为2.35%～3.15%,换算成镜质华反射率为1.85%～2.35%.根据沥青充填特征、面积系数,并结合电测资料确定的古油层的厚度一般为10～22 m.TOC、有机地球化学和岩相分析表明,西缘坳陷平凉组自东而西逐渐增厚的泥页岩含有机质丰富,以咸水低等生物的有机质为特征,是中央隆起带古油藏的可靠烃源岩.成藏史分析表明,J₂-K₁期的埋深加大和古地温升高,导致古油藏石油裂解转化为古气藏;K₂-E时期,燕山运动致使鄂尔多斯盆地构造反转,陕北斜坡形成,古油藏被破坏,一部分油气向浅部运移散失,一部分向陕北斜坡高部位运移,可能是盆地中部大气田的主要气源之一.     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系沉积建造

鄂尔多斯盆地在白垩纪时期与外围六盘山、河套盆地相隔,是独立的非均衡坳陷盆地。盆地以南北向为轴,盆缘斜坡东缓西陡,盆地轴面西倾,沉降中心位于西侧,沉降中心区沉积厚度明显大于周缘抬升区。不对称结构和沉积环境演化不仅控制了盆内岩性、沉积相及地层分布,导致盆缘以冲积扇、河流相和三角洲平原分流河道相砂砾岩和砂岩沉积为主,盆内为风成沙漠相、三角洲前缘相和湖泊相的砂岩和泥岩。下白垩统平面展布受盆地升降运动、剥蚀与残留变化规律影响,盆地东部和边缘剥蚀作用强,残留厚度小,腹部及西部坳陷区地层发育全,保留厚度大,以洛河组分布最广,其次是环河华池组,罗汉洞组及泾川组仅残留在西部和北部坳陷区。     

SOURCE‐ROCK MATURITY,HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL AND OIL – SOURCE‐ROCK CORRELATION IN WELL SHORISH‐1, ERBIL PROVINCE,KURDISTAN REGION,IRAQ

The Shorish‐1 exploration well is located in Erbil Province in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, on the outskirts of Erbil City near the dividing line between the Low Folded and High Folded Zones of the Zagros foldbelt. The well penetrated rocks which are between Miocene and Late Triassic in age. The depositional environment, source potential and maturity of organic‐rich intervals within the well succession were investigated using 38 cuttings samples. All samples were analysed for bulk geochemical parameters (i.e. total organic carbon, total carbon, sulphur, Rock‐Eval). A subset of 13 samples was selected for biomarker analysis, pyrolysis – gas chromatography and isotope investigations. In addition non‐commercial oil and oil impregnations were investigated for oil‐source correlations. Source rocks occur in the Jurassic Sargelu and Naokelekan Formations and the lowermost Cretaceous Chia Gara Formation. Analytical results suggest that these source rocks were deposited in a carbonate‐rich, anoxic environment in an intrashelf basin setting with free H₂S in the water column. Oxygen‐depleted conditions were favoured by salinity stratification. The average preserved TOC contents of the 100 m thick Sargelu Formation and the 25 m thick Naokelekan Formation are 2.2% and 4.6%, respectively. The TOC content of the Chia Gara Formation decreases upwards and averages 3.2% within its lower 40 m. Very high sulphur contents suggest the presence of kerogen Type II‐S, and that all the formations have generated sulphur‐rich hydrocarbons at relatively low maturities. In contrast to the oil impregnations within Jurassic strata, the oil and the oil impregnations within Cretaceous rocks are heavily biodegraded. Oil biomarker and isotope data indicate generation from the above‐mentioned Jurassic and Cretaceous source rock formations. As a result, generation from Triassic and Paleogene rocks can be excluded or is of negligible significance. Numerical models show that hydrocarbon generation rates from the Sargelu, Naokelekan and Chia Gara Formations peaked firstly at about 55 Ma (Paleocene/Eocene) and then again at 5 Ma before present (late Miocene/Pliocene). The first peak resulted from increased Paleocene subsidence, and the second peak was related to deep late Miocene/Pliocene burial. Hydrocarbon generation ceased during Recent uplift, during which ～2000 m of the Late Neogene succession was eroded.     

蒙南盆地群石油地质条件评价

蒙南盆地群位于内蒙古中西部,由大小不等的10多个盆地组成。与油气有关的沉积地层主要是侏罗系和白垩系。经野外露头剖面和钻井岩性分析,下、中侏罗统五当沟组、厂汉沟组和下白垩统固阳组发育深湖半深湖相泥(页)岩、碳质泥岩和泥灰岩,是区内主要的烃源岩。烃源岩已进入成熟阶段,处于生油高峰期。侏罗系白垩系发育多套扇三角洲、分流河道以及三角洲前缘砂体,是较好的储集砂体。其中,侏罗系储集砂体的孔渗条件较差,白垩系砂体的孔渗条件较好。从整体上看,侏罗白垩系不仅具有下生、中储、上盖的组合型式,而且各层序亦具有自生、自储、自盖的组合型式。综合分析后,认为武川、桑根达来盆地为勘探最有利地区,三道沟、旗下营、乌兰花、固阳等盆地居次。     

Source rock evaluation of some upper and lower Cretaceous sequences,West Beni Suef Concession,Western Desert,Egypt

West Beni Suef Concession is located at the western part of Beni Suef Basin which is a relatively under-explored basin and lies about 150 km south of Cairo. The major goal of this study is to evaluate the source rock by using different techniques as Rock-Eval pyrolysis, Vitrinite reflectance (%Ro), and well log data of some Cretaceous sequences including Abu Roash (E, F and G members), Kharita and Betty formations. The BasinMod 1D program is used in this study to construct the burial history and calculate the levels of thermal maturity of the Fayoum-1X well based on calibration of measured %Ro and T_max against calculated %Ro model. The calculated Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content from well log data compared with the measured TOC from the Rock-Eval pyrolysis in Fayoum-1X well is shown to match against the shale source rock but gives high values against the limestone source rock. For that, a new model is derived from well log data to calculate accurately the TOC content against the limestone source rock in the study area. The organic matter existing in Abu Roash (F member) is fair to excellent and capable of generating a significant amount of hydrocarbons (oil prone) produced from (mixed type I/II) kerogen. The generation potential of kerogen in Abu Roash (E and G members) and Betty formations is ranging from poor to fair, and generating hydrocarbons of oil and gas prone (mixed type II/III) kerogen. Eventually, kerogen (type III) of Kharita Formation has poor to very good generation potential and mainly produces gas. Thermal maturation of the measured %Ro, calculated %Ro model, T_max and Production index (PI) indicates that Abu Roash (F member) exciting in the onset of oil generation, whereas Abu Roash (E and G members), Kharita and Betty formations entered the peak of oil generation.     

埃及西沙漠盆地中生界烃源岩特征及剩余资源分布

西沙漠盆地是埃及三大主要含油气区之一,已发现大量的油气田,现处勘探发现中期,预探风险增大。为此,在详细评价盆地烃源岩地球化学特征基础上,运用盆地数值模拟技术定量分析剩余资源潜力。研究认为,中侏罗统Khatatba组Safa段和Zahra段煤系暗色泥页岩以及上白垩统Abu Roash组AR-F段暗色泥页岩是盆地的3套主力烃源岩,各凹陷烃源岩广泛分布,厚度变化较大。Khatatba组烃源岩TOC含量在0.5%~10%,裂解烃S₂含量高,为中等-很好烃源岩;Abu Roash组AR-F段烃源岩TOC主要在0.5%~3%,裂解烃S₂含量中-高,属中等-好烃源岩。这3套烃源岩有机质干酪根类型以混合Ⅱ型为主,其次是Ⅲ型,少量为Ⅰ型。指出Khatatba组2套烃源岩全盆处于热演化成熟大量生排烃阶段,凹陷中心达高熟生烃、局部过熟生气阶段,油气并生;Abu Roash组AR-F段烃源岩仅Abu Gharadig和Natrun凹陷进入成熟生烃阶段。提出盆地北部地区主要由侏罗系Khatatba组烃源岩供给油气,东南部地区则有侏罗系Khatatba组和白垩系AR-F段双源供烃。计算表明,盆地剩余可采资源量达6.51×10⁸ t,剩余资源潜力很好;其中,南部Abu Gharadig凹陷古生界、侏罗系和下白垩统AEB,北部Matruh凹陷古生界、Faghur凹陷上白垩统,油气探明程度低,剩余资源可观,为下步勘探的有利方向。     

塔里木盆地主力烃源岩的诸多证据

对塔里木盆地古生界海平面变化及沉积相分析、地震反射特征识别及生烃-成藏配置关系的综合分析表明,下奥陶统上部—中奥陶统是塔里木盆地海相主力烃源岩。主要依据有:1下奥陶统上部—中奥陶统是塔里木盆地震旦系-奥陶系沉积水体最深的层位,沉积有机质相对平均含量最高;2北部坳陷区地震响应表明,下奥陶统上部—中奥陶统下部为一套弱反射或无反射区,具有以泥质岩为主的反射特征,推测为烃源岩,其地震反射特征与下寒武统泥质烃源岩反射特征相似;3海平面变化及沉积相分析表明,下奥陶统上部—中奥陶统烃源岩主要形成于还原环境的饥饿盆地—盆地边缘相环境,据推测分布于整个北部坳陷区;4生烃-成藏配置关系分析表明,塔中及塔北隆起的主要海相原生油藏的成藏期为晚海西-燕山期,与北部坳陷区下奥陶统上部—中奥陶统烃源岩的生油高峰期吻合,而与下寒武统源岩生油高峰期(晚奥陶世—石炭纪)及上奥陶统源岩生油高峰期(白垩纪以来)不配套;5目前在塔中及塔北隆起已发现的油气藏分布特点说明了油气主要来源于北部坳陷盆地相烃源岩分布区。     

哈萨克斯坦南图尔盖盆地油气地质特征及勘探潜力分析

南图尔盖盆地是哈萨克斯坦中南部重要的含油气盆地,为中生代裂谷盆地,具有垒堑相间结构,南部阿尔斯库姆坳陷是盆地的沉积中心和主要的生烃灶,自西向东由4 个北西-南东向展布的地堑组成,已发现的十余个油田均位于地堑间的次级隆起与斜坡部位。盆地主要沉积侏罗系-白垩系地层,由下至上发育了几个大型的区域不整合。直接覆盖在前侏罗系变形基底之上的是下、中侏罗统泥岩为主的生油层系,上侏罗统河道砂体及下白垩统一套广泛发育的席状砂是主要储层,其上一套稳定的湖泊相页岩成为区域盖层,生储盖配置关系合理。该盆地虽然经历了20 多年的勘探历程,大规模的优质储量大部分已被发现,但仍具勘探潜力,除构造圈闭外,斜坡部位的地层岩性圈闭和基底裂缝型风化壳都是未来的勘探方向。     

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ORIGINAL SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL IN UPPER JURASSIC – LOWERMOST CRETACEOUS MARINE SHALES,DANISH CENTRAL GRABEN,NORTH SEA

The Danish Central Graben, North Sea, is a mature oil‐ and gas‐producing basin in which the principal source rocks are the Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine shales of the Farsund Formation (Kimmeridge Clay Formation equivalent), with possible additional potential in the directly underlying Lola Formation. This study investigates the initial source rock potential of the basin by evaluating the original (back‐calculated) source rock properties (TOCo, S2o, HIo) of the shales in the Farsund and Lola Formations within a temporal and spatial framework. About 4800 samples from 81 wells regionally distributed in the Danish Central Graben were included in the study. Samples for source rock analysis were in general collected with varying sampling density from the entire shale section. The shale section has been divided into seven units (referred to as pre‐FSU1 to FSU6; FSU: Farsund Seismic Unit) which are delineated by mappable, regional‐scale seismic markers. For the pre‐FSU1 and FSU2–FSU6 units, the number of available samples ranged from 608 to 1145, while 433 samples were available for FSU1. Good source rock quality varies through space and time and reflects both the structural development of the basin and the effects of the Late Jurassic transgression, with primary kitchen areas developing in the Tail End Graben, Feda Graben, Gertrud Graben and the Rosa Basin. The source rock quality of the shales increases gradually through time and reaches a maximum in FSU6 which includes the “hot shales” of the Bo Member. The maximum source rock quality appears to correspond to an original Hydrogen Index (HIo) of approximately 675 mg HC/g TOC. The proportion of oil‐prone samples per unit (with HIo >350 mg HC/g TOC) ranges from 7 to 11% in the pre‐FSU1 to FSU2 units (Lower Kimmeridgian – Lower Volgian), increasing to 18 – 22% in FSU3 and FSU4/FSU5 (Lower Volgian – Middle Volgian), and reaching a maximum of 53% in FSU6 (Upper Volgian – Ryazanian). FSU6 is the most prolific oil‐prone source rock interval, but the presence of oil‐prone intervals in older and deeper parts of the shale succession is important for assessing the generation potential of the Upper Jurassic petroleum system. The breakdown of the Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous shale section into mappable seismic units with assigned original source rock properties will contribute to a considerably improved understanding of the temporal and spatial distributions of source rock quality in the Danish Central Graben.     

Evaluation of possible source rocks and extracts characteristics from Safir-1x well,North Western Desert,Egypt

The pyrolysis and vitrinite reflectance estimations for fifteen shale rock tests and additionally, geochemical burial history, and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry parameters were talked about to explore the hydrocarbon generation and maturation level and time, type of hydrocarbon produced of rock units of Safir-1x well. The results assign that the Bahariya Formation is poor to great source rock to create oil and gas, with a lower thermal maturation degree than the Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formation. Alam El Bueib is viewed as good to excellent source rock for oil and gas age, having marginally high level of thermal maturation at oil window at around 40 million years. Khatatba formation achieved the oil and gas generation window at about 80 and 50 million years separately and considered excellent source rock.

The molecular gas chromatography and mass spectrometry parameters demonstrated that the extracts of source rocks reflected that the Bahariya and Alam El Bueib extracts have a mixed sources formed under transitional conditions at low grad of thermal maturation. Khatatba source rock extracts originated from marine sources formed under reducing conditions at high grade of maturation.     

ORGANIC FACIES OF EARLY CRETACEOUS SYNRIFT LACUSTRINE SOURCE ROCKS FROM THE MUGLAD BASIN, SUDAN

Cuttings samples from eight wells in the Muglad Basin have been analysed using a combination of organic geochemistry and palynofacies. The lacustrine Aptian-Albian shales of the Abu Gabra Formation, previously identified as the main source rock, have an overall mean TOC of 1.43% (n = 146), with those from the NW part of the basin (Sharaf area) being approximately twice as organic-rich as those from the SE (Heglig area). The Abu Gabra Formation contains two distinct organic facies: a lower interval dominated by higher TOC values (1.5–2.3%), higher measured hydrogen indices (338–546), higher amorphous kerogen contents (>80%), and heavier δ¹³C_TOC values (> −27%₀); and an upper, less rich interval (mean TOC 1.4%, mean HI 83, δ¹³C_TOC approximately −28%₀). The isotopic contrast between the upper and lower units may potentially be of stratigraphic use. The organic facies differences appear to reflect deteriorating preservation of the organic matter (higher dissolved oxygen, possibly due to shallower conditions resulting from lower rates of subsidence). Use of S2 v. TOC plots suggests corrected true mean hydrogen indices of around 800 in the richer facies (corresponding to a Type I kerogen). Mean random vitrinite reflectance, pyrolysis Tmax values, and visually determined fluorescence colours indicate that the samples studied are mostly immature, or at most in the earliest part of the oil window (<0.7% VR_o); biomarker data suggest that the vitrinite reflectance values may be suppressed by up to 20%.     

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区延长组下油层组原油地球化学特征及油源对比

华庆地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地的湖盆中心,是鄂尔多斯盆地超低渗油藏勘探开发的重点地区之一。系统采集了华庆地区延长组长8、长9和长10等油层组原油和长7段烃源岩\,长8段烃源岩样品,分析原油和烃源岩中生物标志化合物,研究生物标志化合物分布和组成,探讨原油的成因和油源问题。结果表明长8、长9和长10等油层组原油属于同一族原油,具有相同的成因,它们的油源均为长7段烃源岩。     

GEOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CRUDE OILS FROM THE CARACARA AND TIPLE AREAS,EASTERN LLANOS BASIN,COLOMBIA: PALAEO BIODEGRADATION AND OIL MIXING

This study presents an organic geochemical characterization of heavy and liquid oils from Cretaceous and Cenozoic reservoir rocks in the Tiple and Caracara blocks in the eastern Llanos Basin, Colombia. Samples of heavy oil were recovered from the Upper Eocene Mirador Formation and the C7 interval of the Oligocene – Miocene Carbonera Formation; the liquid oils came from these intervals and from the Cretaceous Guadalupe, Une and Gachetá Formations. The heavy oil and most of the liquid oils probably originated from multiple source rocks or source facies, and showed evidence of biodegradation as suggested by the coexistence of n‐alkanes and 25‐norhopanes. The results indicate a close genetic relationship between the samples in the Carbonera (C7 interval), Mirador and Guadalupe Formation reservoirs. These petroleums are interpreted to result from at least two separate oil charges. An early charge (Oligocene to Early Miocene) was derived from marine carbonate and transitional siliciclastic Cretaceous source rocks as indicated by biomarker analysis using GC/MS. This initial oil charge was biodegraded in the reservoir, and was mixed with a later charge (or charges) of fresh oil during the Late Miocene to Pliocene. A relatively high proportion of the unaltered oil charge was recorded for heavy oil samples from the Melero‐1 well in the Tiple block, and is inferred to originate from Cenozoic carbonaceous shale or coaly source rocks. Geochemical parameters suggest that oils from the Gachetá and Une Formations are similar and that they originated from a source different to that of the other oil samples. These two oils do not correlate well with extracts from transitional siliciclastic source rock from the Upper Cretaceous Gachetá Formation in the Ramiriqui‐1 well, located in the LLA 22 block to the north. By contrast, one or more organofacies of the Gachetá Formation may have generated the heavy oil and most of the liquid oil samples. The results suggest that the heavy oils may have formed as a result of biodegradation at the palaeo oil‐water contact, although deasphalting cannot entirely be dismissed.     

吐哈盆地台北凹陷西部油源浅析

吐哈盆地是我国唯一发现的一个油气以煤成油为主的盆地,其中台北凹陷是吐哈盆地的主体凹陷,也是发现油气最多的凹陷。以丘陵构造带为界,可将台北凹陷分为东西两部分。东部原油的特征具有典型的煤成油特征,西部原油的特征则界于湖相油和煤成油之间。从表面上看,西部原油特征具有混源特征,但从原油碳同位素、饱芳比、姥植比等指标的分布区间进行分析,西部原油这些指标值的分布区间明显小于东部原油。因此,西部原油不可能由湖相油和煤成油混合而成,而是由性质界于典型湖相泥岩和煤系源岩之间的中、下侏罗统湖相泥岩所生成。根据石油地质综合分析,胜北次凹的前侏罗系烃源岩并非台北凹陷西部原油的油源。