木薯粉酒精浓醪发酵条件的优化

以木薯粉为原料进行浓醪酒精发酵,在前期优化液化糖化条件的基础上,分析了培养基成分以及温度,pH值等条件对发酵的影响.实验结果表明,在优化的液化糖化条件下进行木薯粉浓醪酒精发酵,氮源和无机盐的最适添加量为尿素0.25%(w/w),MgSO4·7H2O 0.45g/L,KH2PO4 1.50g/L,CaCl2 0.20g/L,发酵最适温度为33℃,最适初始pH4.5,酵母接种量100,6(v/v),发酵时间48h.在此条件下发酵成熟醪酒精浓度高达17.2%(v/v),淀粉利用率达91%.     

用木薯液化滤液对木薯粉调浆进行浓醪酒精发酵工艺研究

研究用木薯液化滤液对木薯粉调浆进行浓醪酒精发酵的工艺条件。主要利用α-淀粉酶对木薯浆进行液化、过滤处理,重点考察液化时固液比、保温时间、pH值、酶用量等因素对木薯粉液化得率的影响。再用液化滤液对木薯粉调浆进行浓醪酒精发酵试验,考察发酵醪液在整个发酵过程中物料流动性能及发酵效果。结果表明木薯浆液化的固液比为1∶11,pH值为6.2,在90℃以上保温75min,液化酶用量为15U/g。在此工艺条件下木薯粉液化固形物得率为85.10%。使用不同比例液化液对木薯粉调浆至初始总糖为25.5%(w/v)进行浓醪酒精发酵,发酵醪酒精度均达15.0%vol以上。结论:利用木薯液化滤液对木薯粉调浆进行浓醪酒精发酵,发酵醪在发酵过程的流动性增加50%,能够顺利进行浓醪酒精发酵。     

木薯酒精浓醪发酵中液化条件的优化

利用木薯进行酒精浓醪发酵,对其中液化过程中的条件进行了优化,得出最佳液化条件为:液化pH值5.0～6.0,液化酶加入量为10U/g木薯粉,液化温度和时间分别为105℃、2h。     

芭蕉芋原料清液酒精发酵工艺初步研究

以芭蕉芋粉为原料,考察了芭蕉芋原料清液酒精生产工艺,对料水比、液化、糖化、温度、接种量等条件进行初步研究.结果表明,芭蕉芋酒精清液生产最佳工艺为:料水比1∶3.0,拌料水温是60℃,拌料时间为30 min,液化酶用量为6 U/g,液化时间为50 min,糖化酶用量150 U/g,糖化时间30 min,发酵pH 4.2,发酵温度30℃,接种量0.17%(v/v),在此发酵工艺条件下,芭蕉芋发酵醪液的酒精含量达8.8%vol,淀粉利用率为72.14%,原料出酒率达到20.2%.     

木薯酒精专用复合酶在浓醪发酵中的应用

本文探讨添加木薯酒精专用复合酶对木薯酒精浓醪发酵的影响。研究结果表明:添加木薯酒精专用复合酶对木薯的酒精发酵有明显促进作用。与对照组相比,在料水比为1∶2.2的条件下,添加0.30g/100g的木薯酒精专用复合酶,酒份达到13.13(%,v/v),与对照组相比酒份提高1.03(%,v/v),相对原料出酒率提高2.7%。     

热醋酸梭状芽胞杆菌发酵葡萄糖和木薯粉产醋酸

在恒定pH值条件下,利用同型乙酸菌热醋酸梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium thermoaceticum)进行葡萄糖分批发酵、补料分批发酵和木薯粉发酵醋酸的初步研究.最适发酵葡萄糖模式:补糖的同时加入3倍量的氮源和微量元素补料分批发酵.醋酸产量40.2g/L,葡萄糖利用率98%,葡萄糖转化率0.82g/g,发酵时间为216h.结合葡萄糖发酵特点和木薯粉酶解条件摸索出木薯粉发酵条件:木薯液化后直接加入适量的糖化酶进行发酵并在发酵过程中补加适量糖化酶使醪液中葡萄糖浓度保持在一定范围内.醋酸产量47.3g/L,葡萄糖利用率94.75%,葡萄糖转化率0.89g/g,发酵时间192h.不添加过量的氮源和微量元素同时省略了糖化工段,底物转化率提高时间缩短,是比较理想的发酵模式.     

玉米酒精的浓醪同步糖化发酵工艺研究

以我国目前玉米酒精生产工艺为基础,通过选择液化[拌料干物浓度(dry solid, DS)、液化pH、液化时间、耐高温α-淀粉酶剂量、液化温度]和同步糖化发酵(葡萄糖淀粉酶剂量、酵母接种量、发酵温度等)等过程主要控制参数建立实验室玉米酒精发酵方法。实验确定液化条件为拌料DS 25%、液化pH 5.6、液化时间120 min、耐高温α-淀粉酶剂量40 U/g、液化温度88℃,此时液化醪黏度(91.2±2.8) mPa·s、还原糖为(11.65±0.03) g/100 g,符合同步发酵玉米酒精的液化指标要求。实验确定同步糖化发酵条件为葡萄糖淀粉酶剂量150 U/g、酵母接种量3%、发酵温度32℃,在该条件下酒精发酵过程稳定,CO₂失重数据最大标准差为0.38,占相应CO₂平均失重仅为2.96%;在发酵成熟醪中乙醇含量为(12.58±0.04) g/100 mL,发酵效率为97.71%,粮酒转化率为2.425 t/t,实验结果符合我国玉米酒精生产的实际情况。因此该方法可以为酒精生产工艺的优化及原辅料的选择提供数据参考。     

利用木薯淀粉为原料发酵生产丁二酸的研究

利用木薯粉为原料发酵生产丁二酸,将先糖化后发酵(SHF)和同步糖化发酵(SSF)2种发酵模式进行比较,发现SSF发酵模式在工艺上、产量上均优于SHF,进而对SSF的一些工艺条件进行摇瓶优化,得到SSF的最适发酵温度为37℃,糖化酶添加量为1000U/g,最适底物浓度60g/L.在7L发酵罐中进行放大实验,用木薯粉同步糖化发酵45h,最终丁二酸浓度为61.2g/L,乙酸浓度为4.66g/L,生产强度达到1.36g/(L·h),丁二酸转化率为89%.     

木薯粉浓醪酒精同步糖化发酵5L～100L放大试验

以木薯粉为原料进行浓醪酒精同步糖化发酵,在前期三角瓶试验的基础上进行5L～100L罐的放大试验.结果表明,在总糖含量为24.5%(m/v)左右时,放大试验效果较好,发酵效率在90%左右,发酵的终酒精浓度最高达到14.55%vol;当总糖含量提高为30%(m/v)时,发酵效率明显下降,只有75.9%.     

马铃薯酒精浓醪发酵工艺条件的研究

酒精浓醪发酵是生产燃料乙醇的一个重要步骤,为了提高发酵醪的酒精度,研究了不同因素对马铃薯浓醪发酵的影响。以发酵醪的酒精度为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验,得到马铃薯酒精浓醪发酵的最佳条件为:料水比1∶3.0,糖化酶添加量150U/g,初始pH值4.5,接种量6%,得到发酵醪的酒精度为14.90%(v/v)。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.