壳聚糖吸附重金属离子的研究

为了处理工业废水中重金属,在实验室条件下,对自制壳聚糖吸附重金属离子的规律进行了研究,提出了壳聚糖吸附模拟废水中的Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋的最佳条件。结果表明,在脱乙酰度为90%,粘度为100 cP·s的壳聚糖吸附Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋过程中,吸附效果与壳聚糖的用量、吸附时间、溶液pH值有关,这3种因素对壳聚糖吸附重金属的吸附率影响显著。提出实验室条件下自制壳聚糖对Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋的最佳吸附条件,即壳聚糖吸附Cd^2＋的最佳条件：用量为10 g/L,吸附时间1 m in,溶液pH=8;吸附Pb^2＋用量为10g/L,吸附时间60 m in,溶液pH=6;吸附Cu^2＋用量10 g/L,吸附时间1 m in,溶液pH=5,为含有Cd^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋重金属离子的工业废水的处理提供了小试基础,同时使得壳聚糖作为吸附剂新材料的应用有了进一步的发展。     

巯基木质素的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附

以工业硫酸盐木质素（LS）为原料，合成一种新型重金属离子吸附剂-巯基木质素（LS-SH）。通过红外光谱表征其结构，推测反应机理；研究LS-SH对重金属离子Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋的静态吸附性能，结果表明LS-SH是一种价廉、高效的重金属离子吸附荆，其吸附量是原料LS的5～7倍。     

二硫代氨基甲酸改性淀粉对重金属吸附选择性的研究

以玉米淀粉为原料，合成了一种新型重金属螯合剂-二硫代氨基甲酸改性淀粉（DTCS），并研究了在单-重金属溶液和混合溶液中DTCS对金属的去除情况，及影响其螯合作用的各种因素，包括重金属种类、pH值、硬度、DTCS投加量等。结果表明：DTCS对重金属离子螯合能力由强到弱的顺序为：Cu^2＋〉Pb^2＋〉Cd^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Ni^2＋；在金属离子混合溶液中，DTCS对重金属螯合速度的顺序为Cu^2＋〉Cd^2＋〉Pb^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Ni^2＋，当DTCS过量投加时，对几种重金属都可以螯合完全并从水中去除。DTCS与重金属离子形成螯合物的红外谱图说明DTCS中与金属离子键合的是S原子，从而进一步解释了所得实验现象。     

草炭水溶解态有机质与金属离子络合稳定常数的测定

采用离子交换平衡法测定草炭水溶解态有机质与Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋、Zn^2＋、Cd^2＋4种金属离子的络合稳定常数。试验在两种不同PH值条件下进行，试验结果表明，金属离子与草炭水溶解态有机质通常形成混合或多核络合物；在两种不同PH值条件下的络合配位数和稳定常数序列均为：Cu^2＋〉Pb^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Cd^2＋，高PH值条件下，络合配位数和稳定常数均明显增大。     

5-溴水杨醛改性壳聚糖的制备及吸附性能

制备了两种不同形态的改性壳聚糖希夫碱：微粒化的壳聚糖希夫碱（P-CTSS）,未微粒化的壳聚糖希夫碱（CTSS）,并研究了它们分别对Cu^2＋,Pb^2＋,Cd^2＋及Zn^2＋的吸附性能,考察了pH值、时间等因素对吸附性能的影响。结果表明,P-CTSS较CTSS易于粉碎,且吸附性能较好。CTSS对Cu^2＋,Pb^2＋,Cd^2＋及Zn^2＋的吸附容量分别为：15．21、10．35、12．13、9．28mg／g,而P-CTS对Cu^2＋,Pb^2＋,Cd^2＋及Zn^2＋的吸附容量分别为：37．46、15．84、16．34、13．67mg／g,P-CTSS对Cu^2＋的吸附率在2．5h内达到84．5％左右,具有一定的选择性吸附。     

基因工程菌生物富集废水中重金属镉

采用基因工程技术构建的高选择性基因工程菌（Gene Engineering Strains，GES），在细胞内同时表达高特异性镉结合转运蛋白和豌豆金属硫蛋白。考察基因工程菌对不同浓度镉（Ⅱ）离子的生物富集情况，以及各种环境因素对基因工程菌富集镉（Ⅱ）离子的影响。实验表明：Langmuir方程可以较好地拟合三种菌种的生物富集曲线，其中M8表现了较强的镉离子富集能力，达63．78mg／g细胞干重。在pH4～8时，M7、M8的富集量有一个极值，但差别不大。Na^＋、Mg^2、Ca^2＋三种金属离子对基因工程菌M7、M8富集Cd^2＋有一定的影响。在其它重金属离子共存的情况下，M7、M8的富集能力均受到不同程度的抑制，对于M7，其共存重金属离子影响顺序为：Cu^2＋〉Pb^2＋〉Zn^2＋〉Mn^2＋〉Ni^2＋；对于M8，其共存重金属离子影响顺序为：Pb^2≈Zn^2＋〉Cu^2＋〉Mn^2＋〉Ni^2＋。螯合剂EDTA对M7、M8的Cd^2＋富集能力起较大的抑制作用，柠檬酸三钠的抑制作用不如EDTA。     

壳聚糖与凹凸棒土对金属离子吸附作用研究

研究了壳聚糖的提取、天然凹凸棒土的改性方法以及壳聚糖和改性凹凸棒土对Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋、Zn^2＋等金属离子的吸附作用。结果表明：壳聚糖和改性凹凸棒土的混合使用有利于降低成本,提高吸附效率。     

D401螯合树脂柱分离富集ICP—OES法测定水中的痕量Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋

提出了采用自制的D401螯合树脂柱分离富集一电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱（ICP—OES）法测定水中痕量Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋的分析方法。探讨并确定了分离富集和仪器的最佳条件。试验表明,在优化的试验条件下Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋可被D401螯合树脂柱定量吸附,可采用25mLl．5mol／L的HNO,溶液完全洗脱,动态饱和吸附容量分别为101．9、205．3、176．7mg／g,方法测定Cu^2＋、Pb^2＋、Cd^2＋的检出限（3σ）分别为0．00041、0．00083、0．000361xg／mL,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=7）分别为2．3％、2．8％、3．1％,加标回收率在93．0％～104．0％之间,测定结果与电感耦合等离子体质谱法基本一致。     

粉煤灰合成沸石对混合重金属离子的吸附研究

利用粉煤灰合成沸石吸附混合重金属离子Cu^2＋、Ni^2＋、Pb^2＋、Zn^2＋,考察初始浓度对沸石吸附4种混合重金属离子的吸附效果影响。结果表明：初始浓度对沸石吸附重金属离子的效果影响显著,当混合重金属离子初始浓度不同时,沸石对其去除率也不同。当初始浓度为50mg／L与100mg／L时,重金属离子去除顺序为Cu〉Pb〉Ni〉Zn。当初始浓度提高为200mg／L与300mg／L时,去除顺序变为Cu≈Pb〉Zn〉Ni。沸石对Pb^2＋与Cu^2＋两种重金属离子的吸附性能较强,而对Zn^2＋与Ni^2＋两种重金属离子的吸附能力较弱。     

Zn^2＋Cd^2＋酵母上的生物吸附平衡

研究了金属离子Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋在酿酒酵母上的生物吸附平衡。吸附等温线表明，Zn^2＋矿和Cd^2＋在酵母上的吸附可以用Langmuir方程来描述，Zn^2＋的最大吸附量qm为9．66mg／g（0．148mmol／g），Cd^2＋的最大吸附量qmax为15．36mg／g（0．137mmol／g）。当q以mg／g为单位时，两者在酵母上的吸附量大小顺序为Cd^2＋〉Zn^2＋,与Cd^2＋比较，Zn^2＋在酵母上的吸附力更强，更容易被酵母吸附。酵母作为生物吸附剂可用于处理含Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋的废水，适合用于溶液中低浓度Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋的去除。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.