逆相变退火中锰钢的组织性能与成形极限

摘要：分别通过SEM、XRD、单轴拉伸试验和FLD等方法对比研究了中锰钢（MMnS780钢）与DP780钢的微观组织、力学性能及成形极限。结果表明，DP780钢获得铁素体和马氏体双相组织，具有连续屈服及较大的加工硬化能力，而MMnS780钢由细小的铁素体和奥氏体构成，具有明显屈服、相对较小的加工硬化能力和较大的均匀伸长率；不同应变状态下MMnS780钢较DP780钢具有更高的极限应变。退火组织以及细小的晶粒尺寸使MMnS780钢产生明显的屈服现象，细小组织以及亚稳奥氏体的TRIP效应使其具有较高的塑性和成形性能。     

低碳钢薄板的塑性特征

本试验用单轴拉伸试验和平面应变拉伸试验研究了低碳钢薄板的三种塑性特征。用Wagoner法测量和计算了应变硬化特性。屈服行为和应变硬化特性主要依赖轧制工程。应力－应变曲线表明在连续退火薄板钢中存在明显的屈服应变，而在平整和间隙退火状态下却无明显屈服现象。用单轴拉伸和平面应变拉伸可确定薄板钢的形成应变极限。在平面应变拉伸中，切应力使试样中间萌生裂纹然后扩展。计算出了每种试样的成型极限图（FLD）的左半部。     

冷轧薄钢板单向拉伸失稳的研究

针对冷轧薄钢板St14在单向拉伸试验中出现的试样“双缩颈”现象,结合观察试样缩颈断裂处的形态,引用薄板单向拉伸分散性失稳和集中性失稳理论对其做出合理解释。通过拉伸过程应变网格分析,验证了薄板拉伸分散性失稳和集中性失稳的存在。明确薄板拉伸失稳的特性,更加有利于正确判定和合理利用深冲压用冷轧薄钢板的塑性指标。     

应变速率对中碳低温贝氏体钢强塑性的影响

摘要：为探索低温贝氏体钢的断裂行为,研究应变速率对低温贝氏体钢TRIP效应的影响,采用不同应变速率的拉伸试验对低温贝氏体钢的强塑性进行研究。利用扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）及X射线衍射（XRD）等试验方法对低温贝氏体钢的微观组织、断口形貌及裂纹走向进行表征。结果表明,随着应变速率的提高,试验钢的屈服强度由771MPa上升至806MPa,抗拉强度由1554MPa上升至1606MPa,断后伸长率由13.5%下降至9.0%。主要原因是高应变速率拉伸引发的绝热温升抑制了残余奥氏体的马氏体相变,对试验钢塑性造成负面影响。     

1000MPa级DP钢的准静态拉伸行为与应变速率的关系

研究1000MPa的双相钢（DP钢）在室温下的准静态拉伸行为与应变速率（10^-2、10^-1、10^-1s^-1）的关系。结果表明,在准静态拉伸条件下,DP钢的拉伸性能是与应变速率相关的。随着应变速率提高,材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度、屈强比和加工硬化指数明显升高,而均匀伸长率、断裂伸长率略有下降;另外,应变速率对材料的...     

不同应变速率下DP980双相钢微观组织特征及变形机制

为了研究DP980双相钢在不同应变速率下的微观组织特征及变形机制。通过室温准静态拉伸(0.001、0.01和0.1 s^-1)和分离式霍普金森拉杆高应变速率拉伸实验(1 156、2 861和3721 s^-1)进行了力学性能评测。借助OM和SEM对变形断口附近的材料的显微组织微观形貌进行了系统表征和分析。结果表明：DP980双相钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率随着应变速率的提高而不断提升，表现出明显的塑性和强度的双增现象。不同应变速率下DP980双相钢的断裂方式均为韧性断裂，但在高应变速率下韧窝分布更为均匀，且大尺寸韧窝数量以及韧窝深度均大幅增加。在高应变速率下除了在铁素体和马氏体相界面发生脱粘现象外，马氏体基体内部出现了开裂现象，表明马氏体也参与了较大程度的变形。     

含硅镍低密度钢的温拉伸力学行为及强韧机制

 为了分析硅镍合金化奥氏体基低密度钢在中温环境下的拉伸变形行为,采用Instron电子拉力试验机对Fe-28.64Mn-8.99Al-1.68Si-1.39Ni-1.0C(Mn29Al9Si2Ni,质量分数/%)低密度钢在23~300 ℃下进行了温拉伸试验,研究了该钢的温拉伸力学行为,并采用SEM、TEM和热力学计算对该钢的强韧化机制进行了研究。结果表明,随着应变的增加,温拉伸应力-应变曲线主要包括弹性变形、均匀塑性变形和断裂等几个过程,没有明显的屈服现象。随着温度的提高,该钢的强度逐渐降低,塑性(断后伸长率)先增加后减小再升高,于200 ℃时出现塑性低谷,此时该钢的应力-应变曲线和应变硬化率曲线均具有明显的锯齿状特征,应变硬化率随应变的增加变化不大。而该钢在其他温度下的应力-应变曲线和应变硬化率曲线没有发现明显的“锯齿状”特征,应变硬化率随应变的增加而平缓下降。试验钢在23~300 ℃下的主要强韧化机制为κ-碳化物强化、应变强化、孪生诱发塑性和动态应变时效强化。较低温度下位错可动性较差对孪生诱发的促进作用、镍元素和硅元素对孪生的抑制作用、较高温度下孪生现象的减弱和温度对动态应变时效的促进或抑制作用等使得试验钢在23、100和300 ℃时存在明显的孪生诱发塑性,而在200 ℃时存在明显的动态应变时效强化的主要原因。动态应变时效强化是该钢在200 ℃时出现塑性低谷的主要原因。     

B340-590DP双相高强钢板的动态变形行为

采用动态拉伸试验方法对双相高强钢B340-590DP的动态变形行为进行了研究,试验的应变速率为0.003~530s-1,得到了不同应变速率下的应力-应变曲线。并对不同应变速率下的材料伸长率、抗拉强度以及显微组织进行了分析。试验结果显示,随着材料应变速率的升高,双相钢材料的流变应力、屈服强度和抗拉强度均随之升高,双相钢材料在中等应变速率范围内的伸长率和成形性最好。双相钢的显微组织分析表明,双相钢变形主要发生在铁素体相内,铁素体晶粒沿着高速拉伸方向被拉长。     

应变速率对高氮奥氏体不锈钢塑性流变行为的影响

研究了室温拉伸时应变速率对高氮奥氏体不锈钢18%Cr-18%Mn-0.65%N力学性能和塑性流变行为的影响。结果表明,随应变速率的升高,试验钢的屈服强度Rp0.2升高,而抗拉强度Rm及塑性略有降低;在各应变速率下,试验钢的塑性流变行为均可以用Ludwigson模型进行描述;应变速率的升高对试验钢流变方程参数的影响如下：1）强度系数K1、应变硬化指数n1和n2减小,试验钢的加工硬化能力降低;2）真实屈服强度TYS降低;3）瞬变应变εL减小,表明升高应变速率能够促进位错多系滑移和交滑移。     

高强IF钢的高速应变行为

利用拉伸实验装置研究了高强IF钢在高应变速率下的变形特性。结果表明：高强IF钢是应变速率敏感性材料,在应变速率10-4～103/s的范围内,应变速率对高强IF钢的应变硬化率与屈服强度的影响具有2阶段性。在第一阶段,应变速率较低,应变硬化率与屈服强度对应变速率的敏感性较小;在第二阶段,应变速率较高,随应变速率的增加,应变硬化率迅速降低,屈服强度迅速增加。     

冷轧深冲用钢生产工艺改进

冷轧深冲用钢通过试制改进后采用无间隙原子钢材质,并对热轧工艺、冷轧工艺、退火工艺等进行调整。工艺调整后材料具有高的塑性应变比、高的应变硬化指数、低的屈服强度,使材料具有优良的成型性能,最终产品满足了用户的使用要求。     

Mechanical Behaviors of Ultrafine-Grained 301 Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Equal-Channel Angular Pressing

The technique of equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was used to refine the microstructure of an AISI 301 austenitic stainless steel (SS). An ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure consisting mainly of austenite and a few martensite was achieved in 301 steel after ECAP processing for four passes at 523 K (250 °C). By submitting the as-ECAP rods to annealing treatment in the temperature range from 853 K to 893 K (580 °C to 620 °C) for 60 minutes, fully austenitic microstructures with grain sizes of 210 to 310 nm were obtained. The uniaxial tensile tests indicated that UFG 301 austenitic SS had an excellent combination of high yield strength (>1.0 GPa) and high elongation-to-fracture (>30 pct). The tensile stress–strain curves exhibited distinct yielding peak followed by obvious Lüders deformation. Measurements showed that Lüders elongation increased with an increase in strength as well as a decrease in grain size. The microstructural changes in ultrafine austenite grains during tensile deformation were tracked by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope. It was found that the strain-induced phase transformation from austenite to martensite took place soon after plastic deformation. The transformation rate with strain and the maximum strain-induced martensite were promoted significantly by ultrafine austenite grains. The enhanced martensitic transformation provided extra strain-hardening ability to sustain the propagation of Lüders bands and large uniform plastic deformation. During tensile deformation, the Lüders bands and martensitic transformation interacted with each other and made great contribution to the excellent mechanical properties in UFG austenitic SS.     

The Effect of Annealing Temperature and Temper-Rolling on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties,and Lüders Strain of Fe–0.25C–5.9Mn–1.0Al–1.57Si Medium Mn Steel

This study investigates the effect of austenite reverted transformation (ART) annealing temperature and temper-rolling on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and deformation behaviors of cold-rolled Fe–0.25C–5.9Mn–1.0Al–1.57Si transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel. The cold-rolled steel annealed at 700 °C demonstrates excellent mechanical properties. The ultimate tensile strength, total elongation, and product of strength and elongation are observed as 1212 MPa, 31.8%, and 38.6 GPa%, respectively. The excellent combination of strength and ductility is related to the discontinuous TRIP effect; still, an inhomogeneous deformation is observed during tensile deformation, known as the Lüders strain. Temper-rolling is used for the ART-annealed specimens at 700 and 720 °C, and yield point elongation decreases when temper-rolling reduction increases. When the temper-rolling reduction increases by 8%, the yield point elongation of the specimen annealed at 700 °C is noted at 1%, while the specimen annealed at 720 °C exhibits continuous yielding. The strain-induced martensite transformation and increased dislocation density in the ferritic matrix improve the early-stage strain hardening rate, thus suppressing the Lüders band's formation.     

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Propagating Deformation Bands in AA5182 Alloy at Room Temperature

The spatial and temporal characteristics of propagating deformation bands in the Al-Mg alloy AA5182 in O temper were studied experimentally at room temperature. Tensile tests were carried out on flat specimens at strain rates in the range from 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻¹ s⁻¹. Digital image correlation (DIC) and digital infrared thermography (DIT) were applied to monitor the propagating bands. It was found that the material exhibits a sharp yield point, and Lüders bands were seen at all the strain rates. Jerky flow took place all along the Lüders plateau. It thus seems that the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect starts at incipient yielding and that there is no critical strain. At the end of the Lüders plateau, PLC bands immediately started to propagate back and forth along the gage section of the specimen. The work hardening of the material decreased consistently with increasing strain rate, while the flow stress on the Lüders plateau was rather unaffected by the strain rate. This indicates that the dynamic strain aging (DSA) mainly affects the strength of the interaction between mobile and forest dislocations. The strain to necking was found to decrease gradually with strain rate for this alloy, which is consistent with the lower work-hardening rate at the higher strain rates.     

碳化物演变对冷轧ART 0-1C-7Mn钢Lüders行为影响

摘要：采用SEM、XRD、力学性能测试等实验分析方法对冷轧中锰钢（0.1C-7Mn）在奥氏体逆相变不同温度退火过程中碳化物演变对Lüders应变的影响进行了分析。结果表明：随着退火温度的升高,碳化物先析出后溶解,在640℃退火时碳化物全部溶解,逆转变奥氏体的稳定性适中,强塑积最高为25GPa·%。退火温度偏低导致奥氏体稳定性过高,同时碳化物会抑制位错运动,使得屈服点延伸较为明显;退火温度适中则高密度位错开始回复,变形时能持续地产生TRIP效应硬化基体,提高材料的综合性能;退火温度偏高时,碳化物的溶解导致位错对消重排,Lüders应变消失,奥氏体稳定性降低,应变诱导马氏体快速形成,导致中锰钢抗拉强度较高但均匀伸长率降低。     

Intercritical Rolling Induced Ultrafine Lamellar Structure and Enhanced Mechanical Properties ofMedium-Mn Steel

The medium-Mn steel with ferrite and austenite structure was rolled in the intercritical region down to dif- ferent rolling reduction. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the rolled steels were investigated by scan- ning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and tensile tests. It was found that the ferrite and austenite structure gradually evolved into an ultrafine structure from the random directional lath structure to lamellar structure with lath longitudinal direction parallel to the rolling direction with increasing rolling strain. It was found that the thickness of the laths was gradually refined with increasing rolling strain. The lath thickness is about 0. 15 9m stored with high density dislocations and the austenite volume fraction of the steel is about 24% after 80% rolling reduction. Furthermore, it was interesting to find that yield strength, tensile strength and total elongation of the 80% rolled medium-Mn steel are about 1000 MPa, 1250 MPa and 24%, respectively, demonstrating an excellent combination of the strength and ductility. Based on the microstructure examination, it was proposed that the grain refinement of the medium-Mn steels could be attributed to the duplex structure and the low rolling temperature. Analysis of the relationship between the microstructure and the mechanical properties indicated that the high yield strength mainly resulted from the ultrafine grain size and the high density dislocation, but the improved ductili- ty may be attributed to the large fractions of austenite retained after intercritical rolling.     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢强韧化及抗弹性能研究进展

高氮奥氏体不锈钢(high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel,HNASS)是一种目前正在蓬勃发展的新型不锈钢,被广泛运用到交通运输、海洋工程、建筑材料、医疗器材和军事工业等领域.节镍高氮的奥氏体不锈钢相比于传统奥氏体不锈钢,其具有优良的综合力学性能,如高强度、高韧性、大的蠕变抗力、...     

汽车用第3代先进高强度钢的研发进展

近几十年来,汽车用先进高强度钢(AHSS-Advanced High Strength Steel)是材料的研发重点。第1代以铁素体为基的AHSS钢的强塑积为15 GPa·%,第2代以奥氏体为基的AHSS钢的强塑积为50 GPa·%,其合金含量高和生产工艺控制困难导致成本高,因此正研发第3代多相AHSS钢,通过多相、亚稳和多尺度的组织精细调控,其强塑积为30 GPa·%。第3代AHSS钢以提高第1代AHSS钢强度、塑性和降低第2代AHSS合金含量、生产成本两方面进行研发。本文介绍了超细DP(双相)钢,改进型TRIP(相变诱发塑性)钢,淬火-碳分配(Q&P)钢,超细晶贝氏体钢,超快加热和冷却的贝氏体-铁素体-马氏体钢,高锰铁索体-奥氏体钢和中锰亚稳奥氏体-超细晶基体钢等第3代AHSS钢的研究进展。     

高强钢损伤容限的微观结构设计

先进高强钢以其优良的机械性能,在生产生活的各个领域得到了广泛的应用。近年来,工业上对先进高强钢损伤的关注日益增加。对于这种先进高强钢,由于它复杂的微观结构及相关的变形机制,损伤概念需重新审定。概要介绍了损伤的概念、尺度及损伤机制,对比了材料损伤的实验评估及数值模型,并基于容损设计方法给出了提高材料损伤容限的理论。     

Design of microstructure for damage tolerance in high strength steels

With the extensively wide application of advanced high strength steels(AHSS) in various fields for the excellent mechanical properties,the industrial interest on the damage of AHSS is increasing in the recent years.For these modern steels,due to the complex microstructure and the relevant deformation mechanisms,the damage concept needs to be reexamined.In this paper,the definition,length scale and different mechanisms of damage are introduced.Both experimental evaluation of damage and the numerical damage models are briefly viewed and compared.The approaches to improve the damage tolerance are given in the framework of damage tolerance design principle.