碳纳米管-蒙脱土/环氧树脂复合材料的流变与固化特性

采用机械搅拌和离心分散的方法制备了多壁碳纳米管-有机蒙脱土/环氧树脂纳米复合材料。用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对复合材料的微观结构进行了分析和表征,研究了多壁碳纳米管含量对混杂体系流变性和固化特性的影响。结果表明,当有机蒙脱土含量为2%(质量分数,下同)时,蒙脱土在树脂体系中能够形成离散性结构,且与多壁碳纳米管形成一定程度的相互穿插结构。随着多壁碳纳米管含量的增加,混杂复合材料体系的黏度迅速上升,固化放热逐步降低。     

多壁碳纳米管复合材料在8 mm 波段的吸波性能

将相同厚度不同碳纳米管含量, 以及不同厚度相同碳纳米管含量的多壁碳纳米管加入玻璃纤维增强复合材料中, 并研究了其在26. 5～40. 0 GHz 频段的吸波性能。结果发现, 多壁碳纳米管具有吸波性能, 而且吸波性能随着多壁碳纳米管含量的增加而提高。多壁碳纳米管/ 玻璃纤维/ 环氧树脂复合材料层板在26. 5～40. 0 GHz频段表现出较好的吸收效果, 其吸波性在于碳纳米管本身具有吸波性能, 此外还与吸波材料的谐振吸波原理有关。通过对该复合材料的电磁参数的测定并计算, 证明实验结果与吸波原理相符合。      

多壁碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料的高温力学性能EI北大核心CSCD

采用搅拌摩擦加工技术制备不同含量多壁碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料,并对复合材料高温力学性能进行研究。结果表明:多壁碳纳米管的添加使得铝基体材料微观组织更加细小,并形成了少量纳米晶;铝基体中有较高密度位错,并在局部呈位错缠结状分布。与未添加多壁碳纳米管的铝基体相比,复合材料的高温拉伸强度明显增强,且随着碳纳米管含量的增加,复合材料强度逐渐提高,而高温塑性不断降低,350℃时,6.6%(体积分数)MWCNTs/Al复合材料的抗拉强度达到78MPa,为未添加多壁碳纳米管铝基材强度的3.9倍;断口分析表明,随着测试温度的提高,韧窝逐渐变小,呈脆性断裂特征。     

石墨/CNTs增强铝基混杂复合材料的微观组织与摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金法制备了石墨/碳纳米管(CNTs)增强铝基复合材料,研究了石墨和碳纳米管对复合材料摩擦磨损性能及硬度的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察了复合材料的显微组织、磨损表面形貌。结果表明:仅添加石墨的复合材料摩擦系数明显降低,而磨损率、硬度有少量降低;但是将石墨和碳纳米管混杂加入到复合材料中后,材料的摩擦系数明显降低,磨损率急剧升高,且材料的硬度随碳纳米管含量增加而逐渐下降。仅添加石墨的复合材料磨损形式主要是磨粒磨损和犁沟磨损,而添加石墨和碳纳米管的复合材料主要是剥层磨损。     

混杂功能化碳纳米管/聚氨酯复合材料的制备及性能

以多壁碳纳米管（MWNTs）为原料,采用不同改性方法制得了羧化碳纳米管（MWNTs-COOH）、共价功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-NH₂）、非共价功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-PPA）和混杂功能化碳纳米管（MWNTs-COOH-PPA）,将这4种改性碳纳米管按不同质量分数分别加入聚氨酯（PU）中制备了复合材料。使用万能材料试验机和热失重分析仪测试了复合材料的力学和热学性能,研究了碳纳米管对复合材料性能的影响。结果表明:通过在碳纳米管表面接枝少量的共价官能团防止非共价包覆的剥离,混杂功能化方法既能够改善碳纳米管在基体中的分散性,又能够保持其与基体界面间结合力,复合材料增强效果最明显。耐热性良好的碳纳米管的添加提高了PU基体的热分解温度,提高程度由于其功能化方式的不同而稍有差别。MWNTs-COOH-PPA/PU复合材料的力学性能最优,当碳纳米管含量（质量分数,下同）为0.3%时,其拉伸强度与纯PU相比提高104%,其热分解温度与MWNTs-COOH/PU相当,优于纯PU,但低于MWNT8-NH₂/PU和MWNTs-PPA/PU。     

多壁碳纳米管-氧化铝复合材料的制备及增韧机理研究

采用多壁碳纳米管作为增韧材料，用杂凝聚的方法制备碳纳米管一氧化铝复合粉末，通过热压烧结的方法得到了碳纳米管一氧化铝复合材料．复合材料的断裂韧度是相同条件下所得纯氧化铝陶瓷的2．1倍，而强度基本上没有变化．通过SEM对复合材料断裂表面研究后发现，复合材料的增韧机制主要是碳纳米管的桥联机制，在局部区域也存在着碳纳米管的拔出机制．     

增强物的加入对纯镁阻尼性能的影响

制备了以纯镁为基体,以混杂碳化硅颗粒和硅酸铝短纤维为增强物的镁基复合材料,研究了其机械性能和阻尼性能。结果表明,增强物的加入提高了纯镁的强度,但同时也减小了复合材料阻尼的应变振幅效应,从而降低了其阻尼性能。研究证明此镁基复合材料的阻尼行为可按Ｇ－Ｌ位错阻尼理论解释,与纯镁一致。      

碳纳米管和TiB2混杂增强铜复合材料的电弧侵蚀行为

采用放电等离子烧结（SPS）工艺制备出不同混杂比例碳纳米管（CNTs）和TiB₂混杂增强铜（CNTs-TiB₂/Cu）复合材料,对复合材料致密度、硬度、导电率、导热率和显微组织进行了对比和分析。同时对复合材料进行了电接触试验,研究了不同电流条件下CNTs与TiB₂混杂比例对CNTs-TiB₂/Cu复合材料电弧侵蚀行为的影响。结果表明:随着CNTs与TiB₂混杂比例的增加,CNTs-TiB₂/Cu复合材料的密度、硬度、导电率和导热率逐渐降低,铜基体晶界分离现象越来越明显;在特定电流条件下,合适的CNTs-TiB₂混杂比例可提高CNTs-TiB₂/Cu复合材料的抗电弧侵蚀性能;当电流为5 A和10 A时,CNTs与TiB₂混杂比例为4∶1的平均燃弧能量、平均燃弧时间和材料转移量达到最低,而电流为15 A时,CNTs与TiB₂混杂比例为1∶4的平均燃弧能量、平均燃弧时间和材料转移量达到最低。电弧侵蚀后阴极出现熔池、气孔及熔融金属铺展等特征,且随着CNTs与TiB₂混杂比的增加,CNTs-TiB₂/Cu复合材料熔池面积减小,气孔数量变少,熔融金属铺展的特征减弱。      

碳纳米管增强2024铝基复合材料的力学性能及断裂特性

为了研究碳纳米管对铝基复合材料性能的影响,采用冷等静压、热挤压方法制备了质量分数1.0%的多壁碳纳米管增强2024Al基复合材料.采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和拉伸试验对复合材料的显微组织进行了观察和分析,并对其力学性能进行了测试.结果表明,碳纳米管均匀地分布在复合材料中,碳纳米管和铝基体的界面结合良好,没有发现界面产物Al4C3的形成;复合材料的断口上存在大量的撕裂棱,韧窝,并涉及碳纳米管的拔出或拔断与桥接,与2024Al基体材料相比,复合材料的硬度、弹性模量和抗拉强度显著提高,同时复合材料的延伸率却并不下降.碳纳米管的加入可以显著提高铝基复合材料的力学性能.     

多壁碳纳米管-有机蒙脱土协同增韧环氧树脂

采用机械搅拌和离心分散的方法制备了多壁碳纳米管-有机蒙脱土/环氧树脂复合材料。X射线衍射分析表明,当有机蒙脱土含量为2 wt%时, 蒙脱土在树脂体系中能够形成离散性结构。断裂韧性测试结果表明,多壁碳纳米管和有机蒙脱土的混杂对环氧树脂具有协同增韧的作用。当有机蒙脱土含量为2 wt%,多壁碳纳米管含量为0.1 wt%时,所得复合材料的断裂韧性是纯环氧树脂的1.77倍,是2 wt%有机蒙脱土/环氧树脂复合材料的1.45倍,是0.1 wt%多壁碳纳米管/环氧树脂复合材料的1.39倍。扫描电镜分析表明,多壁碳纳米管在环氧树脂体系中分散均匀,并与有机蒙脱土片层形成了一定程度的相互穿插和咬合,多壁碳纳米管与有机蒙脱土协同增韧的主要原因是微裂纹增韧、剪切屈服与纤维拔出。      

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。