湿法消化氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定茶叶中的铅含量

采用湿法消化,氢化物原子荧光光谱法测定茶叶中铅的含量,在试验条件下,标准曲线在0～20．00g．L^-1浓度范围内相关系数为0．9998,检出限为0．4g．L^-1,方法精密度（RSD）为1．3％,茶叶样品加标回收率）4192．5％～105％,质控样品检测结果符合要求。实验表明,该方法简便、灵敏、准确,适用于茶叶中铅含量的测定。     

ICP-AES法测定茶叶中的4种微量元素及其溶出特性的探究

为考查浸泡温度和浸泡时间对茶叶中铜、锌、锰、钡等矿物元素溶出量的影响,用微波消解处理茶叶样品,测定茶叶中4种元素的含量;分别用40℃、55℃、70℃、85℃、100℃的50ml蒸馏水冲泡茶叶20min,考查4种元素溶出量随温度的变化规律;采用相似的方法浸泡茶叶,12h后再测定4元素的含量,考查隔夜茶中4元素的含量随温度的变化规律.测定表明该品牌茶叶中含有较为丰富的铜、锌,而锰和钡的含量相对较低;温度在85～100 ℃时4种元素的溶出量较为稳定;放置12h的隔夜茶中,温度变化对4种元素的溶解量影响不大.该方法测定茶叶中的4种矿物元素含量,回收率在95.4%～104.5%,方法简单、快捷,并且同一样品处理液可同时测定多种矿物元素的含量,实验方案可靠,测定的数据可信.     

茶叶霉菌污染现状及微波防霉研究所

介绍了２５ｇ茶叶经微波辐照６ｍｉｎ，茶叶中污染霉菌的平均杀灭率达８２．５％。１２份市售茶叶样品经微波处理后，霉菌总数小于１００个／ｇ者占７５％，大大超过实验前的８．３％。对３０份市售茶叶水分含量及霉菌总数的测定表明，茶叶的霉菌污染相当严重，散装茶叶的水分含量和霉菌总数均明显高于包装茶叶。作者建议在茶叶的卫生指标中增加水分及霉菌总数的指标。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定茶叶中12种农药残留的方法

用气相色谱-质谱仪研究同时测定茶叶中12种农药残留的测定方法。分析样品经粉碎、浸泡，用丙酮-正己烷(1：4，V／V)AA，经活性炭柱和弗罗里硅土柱净化，乙醚-丙酮-正己烷(4：4：2，V／V／V)洗脱后，以环氧七氯为内标，GC／MS测定。经过对茶叶加标的回收实验，证实具有快速灵敏简便的优点，适用于多种农药残留分析。其平均回收率在75%-110％，变异系数下于21％，最低检测限为0．01-0．5mg／kg。     

ICP-OES法同时测定茶叶中La、Ce、Pr、Sm、Nd五种稀土元素

本实验建立了一种用ICP-OES同时测定茶叶样品中的La、Ce、Pr、Sm和Nd五种稀土元素的方法.采用干灰化与微波消煮两种前处理方法处理绿茶与乌龙茶茶叶样品,结合ICP-OES法测定,结果精度与准确度良好,其回收率都在87%～103%之间,相对标准偏差都在10%以内.     

微波消解ICP—AES法测定茶叶中铅、砷、铜、铁、锌、硒等12种元素的含量

研究了用微波消解前处理样品,ICP－AES法同时测定茶叶中铅、砷、铜、镉、锰、铁、锌、硒等12个元素含量的方法,并对样品前处理、酸度及茶叶中共存元素干扰的影响等因素进行了探讨,该方法的回收率在84.5%－115％之间,精密度RSD均小于9％,该方法能满足茶叶测定要求。     

用离子色谱法同时测定茶叶中的F^-、Cl^-、SO4^2-、NO3^-

利用美国戴安公司免试剂离子色谱系统（ICS-2000系统）,采用KOH梯度离子色谱法和抑制电导检测器,建立了同时测定茶叶中F^-、Cl^-、SO4^2-、NO3等四种重要的阴离子的分析方法。研究了茶叶中F^-、Cl^-、SO4^2-、NO3四种阴离子的色谱分析条件,建立了8-44-52-8mmol／L的KOH梯度淋洗程序,流速为1．0ml／min。结果表明：该方法回归方程的线性相关系数达到0．9999以上,各组分的检出限在0．01～0．05mg／L之间,回收率在88．6％～107．5％之间。用本方法用于实际茶叶样品中F^-、Cl^-、SO4^2-、NO3等无机酸阴离子的分析,简便、实用,并且快速、准确,所得结果令人满意。     

ICP-MS法测定茶叶中铅、铬、镉、砷、铜等重金属元素

本文采用微波消解方法处理茶叶样品后,用ICP-MS法测定茶叶中铅、铬、镉、砷、铜等重金属元素的含量。通过优化ICP-MS仪器测定条件,用内标克服仪器信号漂移及样品基体效应的影响,建立了ICP-MS法同时测定茶叶中多种元素。测定茶叶标准物质GBW10016表明,各元素结果与标准值一致。该法可以同时测定茶叶中多种重金属元素,且简便快速,精密度和准确度都较好。     

茶叶霉菌污染现状及微波防霉研究

介绍了25g茶叶经微波辐照6min,茶叶中污染霉菌的平均杀灭率达82．5％。12份市售茶叶样品经微波处理后,霉菌总数小于100个／g者占75％,大大超过实验前的8．3％。对30份市售茶叶水分含量及霉菌总数的测定表明,茶叶的霉菌污染相当严重,散装茶叶的水分含量和霉菌总数均明显高于包装茶叶。作者建议在茶叶的卫生指标中增加水分及霉菌总数的指标。     

165个茶叶样品中的氟含量水平分析和基于斑马鱼模型的骨毒性研究

茶树是一种聚氟作物。文章采用氟离子选择电极法测定了四川、湖南、湖北和福建4省的165个茶叶样品中的氟含量水平，并采用斑马鱼实验模型分析了氟的骨毒性效应。结果表明，这批茶叶样品中氟含量范围为10.70～298.90 mg/kg，且样品中氟含量水平普遍随着原料成熟度增加而呈现升高的趋势，此外样品中的氟含量还受采摘季节、产地和茶树品种的影响。相关性分析结果表明，样品中夏、秋季氟含量水平与原料成熟度均呈极显著正相关性，说明原料成熟度是影响茶叶中氟含量的重要因素。另外，采用旋转蒸发和冷冻干燥制备了2种茶叶提取物，氟含量分别为241.82 mg/kg和2235.07mg/kg，继而采用斑马鱼模型的实验分析表明，2种茶叶提取物在最大非致死浓度(Maximal non-lethal concentration,MNLC)时均具有骨毒性，而在1/3 MNLC时无明显骨毒性(P>0.05)。     

Natural pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains--characteristics, biosynthesis, processing, and stability

Pigments are present in all living matter and provide attractive colors and play basic roles in the development of organisms. Human beings, like most animals, come in contact with their surroundings through color, and things can or cannot be acceptable based on their color characteristics. This review presents the basic information about pigments focusing attention on the natural ones; it emphasizes the principal plant pigments: carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains. Special considerations are given to their salient characteristics; to their biosynthesis, taking into account the biochemical and molecular biology information generated in their elucidation; and to the processing and stability properties of these compounds as food colorants.     

Hormones, metabolites, and reproduction in Holsteins, Jerseys, and their crosses

Holsteins (HH), Jerseys (JJ), and their crosses in first (n=157) and second (n=107) lactation were used to determine if reproduction, progesterone (P4), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and milk production differed between genetic groups. Thirty-four cows were Holstein-Jersey (HJ) crosses, 46 were Jersey-Holstein (JH) crosses, 48 were purebred Holsteins (HH), and 29 were purebred Jerseys (JJ) in first lactation, whereas the second-lactation animals included 23 HJ, 35 JH, 35 HH, and 14 JJ. Blood samples were collected weekly for the first 10 wk postpartum. Analyses were conducted using the MIXED, chi-square, and GLIMMIX procedures (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Seasons of calving were cold (November to May) and hot (June to October) and were combined with year to form 8 year-seasons. Days open and number of services were affected by genetic group. The HH were open 169±8 d, which was greater than HJ (143±9 d), JJ (132±10 d), and JH (127±8 d). The HH had 2.4±0.1 services per pregnancy, which was greater than JH (1.9±0.1), but not different from HJ (2.1±0.2) or JJ (2.1±0.2). Concentrations of NEFA were greater in lactation 2 (0.52±0.02 mEq/L) than in lactation 1 (0.45±0.02 mEq/L) and decreased over the 10-wk period. Concentrations of NEFA were greater in the cold season except in yr 3. Insulin in lactation 1 (0.81±0.03 ng/mL) was greater than in lactation 2 (0.72±0.03 ng/mL); insulin decreased to wk 2 then gradually increased. The HJ had the greatest insulin concentrations (0.87±0.04 ng/mL) and the JJ had the lowest (0.66±0.04 ng/mL), and IGF-1 gradually increased over the 10-wk period. Milk production (actual yield in the first 305 d, not adjusted for fat and protein) was affected by genetic group, lactation number, year-season, and wk 1 insulin. The HH produced 10,348±207 kg of milk, which was greater than the HJ (9,129±230 kg), the JH (9,384±190 kg), and the JJ (7,080±240 kg). Milk production in lactation 2 (9,676±163 kg) was greater than that in lactation 1 (8,294±160 kg). The JJ (10.3±4.7%) had the highest frequency of mastitis. The chance of getting mastitis for HH (1.1±0.9%) differed from that for HJ (9.4±4.1%), JH (8.1±3.4%), and JJ (10.3±4.7%). Genetic group affected hormones and metabolites, which may partially explain differences in reproductive measures and milk yield.     

Capsicum--production, technology, chemistry, and quality. Part V. Impact on physiology, pharmacology, nutrition, and metabolism; structure, pungency, pain, and desensitization sequences

The spice Capsicum is the fruit of the cultivated species of the genus Capsicum (family, Solanaceae), C. annuum principally, and C. frutescens L. to a lesser extent. A third variety of C. annuum var. annuum fruits, the large-sized, fleshy bell capsicum is used as a fresh vegetable and valued for its aroma, color, and crisp texture, but with no pungency. This variety is not considered in this series of reviews covering primary processing, production, international trade, chemistry, and biochemistry of functional components--the red keto carotenoids, the aromatic volatiles and the pungent capsaicinoids in Parts I to III. The valid qualitative aspects correlating the specific components of capsicum and their sensory responses are critically covered in Part IV. In this the concluding part of the series of reviews, the significant preference of the spice for initially evoking an aversive response, its potent physiological and pharmacological effects, and the aspects of structure-activity relationships of the pungent stimuli of the capsaicinoids are reviewed. The beneficial effects particularly associated with long usage by some ethnic groups and its safe consumption levels, with a critical review of the studies on the gastrointestinal tract, the cardiovascular system, the sensory system, thermoregulation, nutritional impacts, and an overview of the five series is also detailed.     

Simultaneous and Direct Determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn in Milk by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Tungsten permanent modifier with coinjection of Pd(NO₃)₂ and W–Ru permanent modifiers are proposed for the direct and simultaneous determination of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, and Se (group 1) and Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Mn (group 2), respectively, in milk by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The performance of modifiers was evaluated by means of thermal behavior of analytes, sensitivity, atomic signal profile, repeatability, graphite tube lifetime, and background intensity. An air-assisted pyrolysis step was necessary to quantitative elimination of the organic matter. After methods optimization, 14 commercial milk samples were analyzed. The found concentrations of As, Bi, Pb, Sb, Se, Co, and Cr were lower than their limit of detection (2.13, 2.21, 1.49, 1.63, 2.05, 1.0, and 1.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively). Concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Mn were in the 1.58–5.74 μg L⁻¹, 9.79–49.3 μg L⁻¹, and 2.25–4.08 μg L⁻¹ intervals, respectively. The limits of detection for Cu, Fe, and Mn were 1.7, 5.3, and 2.0 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The accuracy of methods was checked after analysis of two milk standard materials. Results for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Mn were in agreement with certified values of SRMs at the 95% confidence level. Accuracy was also evaluated by addition–recovery tests and recoveries in the 86–127% range were obtained for all elements. The use of pretreat platform of graphite tubes with W or W–Ru allowed enlarging the lifetime of atomizer in 750 heating cycles.     

卷烟中锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量分析

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了41个牌号烤烟型卷烟和雪茄烟样品烟丝中的锂、铬、镍、铜、砷、硒、钼、镉、铊和铅含量,并按照类型和价位对卷烟中这10种有害元素含量进行了统计分析。结果发现:①卷烟中锂和铜的含量较高,铊的含量很低,铬、镍、镉、铅、砷、硒和钼7种元素的平均含量为0.55～4.42μg/g;②雪茄烟中铬、镍、砷、钼、镉、铊和铅的含量一般高于烤烟型卷烟,而硒元素的含量则相反,但差别较小;烤烟型卷烟中锂和铜的含量与雪茄烟没有显著差异;③高档卷烟中的锂、镍、镉、铊和铬含量较低,而砷、铅的含量较高;不同价位卷烟的铜、硒和钼含量差异不显著。     

Polyphenols, Anthocyanins, Ascorbic Acid, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia

ABSTRACT: Total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, and reduced ascorbic acid were evaluated in berries belonging to the genera Rubus, Ribes, and Aronia by means of spectrophotometric and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the fruit extracts was tested. Total polyphenols ranged from 140.6 to 888.5 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW), total anthocyanins ranged from 22.0 to 460.5 mg/100 g FW, and reduced ascorbic acid ranged from 12.4 to 153.8 mg/ 100 g FW. The average EC50 values for Aronia melanocarpa, Ribes nigrum, Ribes rubrum, Rubus fruticosus, and Rubus idaeus were 1.8, 2.8, 5.3, 6.4, and 8.2 mg FW, respectively. The results indicate that the fruits tested are good sources of natural antioxidants.     

Tyrosinase, Laccase, and Peroxidase in Mushrooms (Agaricus, Crimini, Oyster, and Shiitake)

Enzyme assays and electrophoresis were used to monitor the activity of tyrosinase, laccase, and peroxidase in Agaricus bisporus (common cultivated button mushrooms and Crimini mushrooms), Oyster, and Shiitake mushrooms. The three enzymes could be differentiated using specific substrates and inhibitors. Tyrosinase seemed to be the major phenol oxidase in the Agaricus strains, while Oyster and Shiitake mushrooms had much lower levels. Peroxidase activity was low or undetectable in all types examined. Control of enzymatic browning in different mushroom types may depend upon the distribution of different oxidases within any given type.