基于重组酶等温扩增技术快速检测生鲜肉中猪源性成分

目的建立重组酶介导等温扩增技术快速检测猪肉中猪源性成分的方法。方法应用重组酶聚合酶等温扩增技术(recombinase polymerase amplification,RPA),根据猪源性线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列设计2对RPA引物,筛选了1对可用于扩增的引物,建立基于重组酶介导的等温扩增技术的检测方法,并对该方法进行扩增温度、特异性和灵敏性验证。结果 30℃等温扩增条件下,RPA引物的特异性良好,灵敏性可达0.1ng/μL。结论本研究成功建立了猪源性肉制品的等温扩增方法,该方法快速简便,具有较高的特异性和灵敏性,适用于市售生鲜肉中猪源性成分的快速鉴定。     

实时荧光PCR技术快速检测食品中的牛源成分

目的:建立基于实时荧光PCR技术的食品中牛源性成分快速检测方法.方法:以牛线粒体细胞色素b为目的基因,设计特异性引物和探针,通过特异性、灵敏性实验,及模拟混合肉样和市售肉制品检测,对该体系进行验证.结果:该牛源荧光PCR检测体系具有很好的特异性及灵敏性,可检测1pg牛源DNA的存在,对于各模拟肉类样品中掺杂的牛源性成分,其检测限低至0.5％,且经市售加工食品验证具有较好的应用能力.结论:所建立的牛引物探针体系具有特异性好、灵敏度高,快速高效等优点,可用于对食品中牛源性成分的掺假鉴别检测.     

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测肉及肉制品中的牛源性成分

本文以牛源性线粒体细胞色素B(cyt B)基因为模板,采用软件Primer Explorer Version 4设计并筛选出LAMP特异性扩增引物,通过反应体系优化建立了肉及肉制品中牛源性成分的环介导等温扩增技术检测方法,对该方法的灵敏度、特异性以及稳定性进行了验证,同时采用国标方法和商品化检测试剂盒对市售的12种牛肉及牛肉制品进行对比检测。结果表明该检测方法具有高灵敏度、高特异性和高稳定性,适用于实际的生鲜肉制品及加工肉制品中牛源性成分的鉴定。     

肉制品中牛源性成分多重实时荧光PCR检测 方法的建立及初步应用

目的建立肉制品中牛源性成分的荧光PCR检测方法。方法根据牛特异性线粒体DNA片段,设计合成两对引物,以生、熟牛肉及超市牛肉加工品为材料,建立肉制品中牛源性成分的多重实时荧光PCR检测方法,并用该法与国标法同时对市售的25份肉制品同时进行检测,通过对其他种类的肉源DNA进行扩增验证方法的特异性;对含有不同比例牛肉成分的DNA样本进行检测确定检出限。结果该方法可成功检测出肉制品中的牛源性成分。在25份肉制品检测中,与国标法检测结果一致。该法的特异性为100%,灵敏度检测线为1%。结论本研究成功建立牛源性肉制品的检测方法,该方法快速简便,且具有较高的特异性和灵敏度,可用于市售肉制品中牛源性成分的鉴定。     

一种基于双重ddPCR的肉制品中牛源性成分的定量分析方法

将低价肉类原料掺入高价肉制品是一种典型的肉类掺假方式，为准确鉴别牛肉及牛肉制品的真伪，建立一种基于双重微滴式数字聚合酶链式反应（droplet digital polymerase chain reaction，ddPCR）的牛源性成分定量分析方法。通过对14 种动物的Beta-actin单拷贝基因序列进行分析，设计牛源性特异性引物、探针与动物源性成分通用引物、探针并建立双重ddPCR体系，推导出牛源性成分质量与其特异性扩增拷贝数之间的计算公式，对牛源性成分进行定量检测该方法得到牛源性成分质量M牛（mg）与其特异性扩增拷贝数浓度C牛（copies/μL）之间的计算公式为M牛=0.033C牛＋2.37，对已知牛肉质量的混合肉样品与不同部位的牛肉样品进行检测，结果显示牛肉定量检测值与实际质量基本一致。同时拷贝数相对含量可辅助判断肉制品中是否存在非牛源性的其他动物源性成分掺假。对市售样品的检测发现，存在目标肉样含量不达标以及不同程度的动物源性成分等掺假现象，说明该检测方法可为牛肉制品掺假量化判定和混合源性产品分级鉴定提供技术支撑。     

普通聚合酶链式反应鉴定牛肉及其制品中的牛源性成分

依据牛种属的线粒体细胞色素b(cytochrome b,Cytb)基因上的保守序列设计牛源特异性引物对,建立一种特异性强、灵敏性高、耗时短的鉴定食品中牛源性成分的聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法。选取牦牛、水牛、黄牛品种及羊、猪、鸡、鸭、鹅、兔、马、驴、鱼、大豆、玉米等动植物源成分进行特异性试验。结果显示:所建立的方法高度特异于牛源性检测,其他非牛动植物源成分均无扩增条带。采用常见的牛品种进行灵敏性试验,结果显示所建立的方法可检测到的最低牛DNA量为0. 2 pg;将牛肉分别与猪肉、驴肉、羊肉、大豆组织混合进行PCR测定,结果表明最低检测限为鲜样品含0. 01%质量分数的牛源成分,高压121℃、0. 1MPa,20 min处理样品含0. 01%质量分数的牛源成分。对市售食品中牛源性成分检测结果与现行PCR牛源性成分检测标准方法的检测结果 100%一致。     

基于实时荧光定量PCR和数字PCR的肉制品中牛源性成分检测

为了能够快速有效的检测出肉制品中牛源性成分,采用实时荧光定量PCR和数字PCR检测方法,检测肉制品中牛源成分。先依据牛肉单复制基因组特异区域,通过多序列比对设计特异性引物与探针,再利用苯酚-氯仿法提取标准品基因组DNA,确立实时荧光定量PCR和数字PCR两种方法的反应条件,测定DNA模版纯度及浓度可得实验提取的DNA溶液不含杂质,在此基础上构建牛源性成分荧光定量PCR标准曲线,检测两种方法的特异性、抗干扰性与肉制品中牛源性成分。分析实验结果可知,引物与探针在两种方法中均对牛肉有荧光信号显示,两种方法具有牛源性特异性,检测数值与实际样品数值基本一致,且两种方法抗干扰性较好,当存在其他肉类干扰时,仍可准确监测出牛源性,两种方法的最大误差分别为3.8%和4.0%;可定量检测不同肉制品中牛源性成分,两种方法均未检测出样品10牛肉丸中牛源性成分,验证了市面上确实存在假肉情况。说明所用方法能够准确、快速地检测出肉制品中的牛源性成分,适用于市场中肉制品的检测,对保障消费者的权益和健康具有十分重要的意义。     

实时荧光PCR检测肉制品中羊源性成分

为了建立一种快速检测肉制品中羊源性成分的方法,本文根据羊特异性线粒体DNA片段,设计合成引物,通过检测引物的特异性及方法灵敏性,建立肉制品中羊源性成分实时荧光PCR检测方法。     

肉制品中牛源性成分Taqman荧光定量PCR检测法的建立

本实验根据牛线粒体差异序列设计特异性PCR引物和Taqman探针,并基于16S rDNA内参基因设计通用引物及Taqman探针,绘制并通过标准曲线确定样品中总DNA浓度以及牛源性成分DNA浓度,采用相对定量法测定肉制品中牛源性成分的质量分数。并通过特异性、灵敏度实验,及混合肉样回收率及市售肉制品检测,对本方法进行验证。结果表明,方法特异性强,可对牛肉DNA进行特异性扩增。最低检出限为10 pg/μL,具有较高的灵敏度。并根据回收实验可知,平均回收率为98.62%。可以为肉制品中牛肉含量的测定提供技术参考。     

环介导等温扩增法快速检测牛羊肉中的掺杂肉

面对肉制品掺假突发事件频发的现状,对动物源性成分快检方法需求迫切。在等温扩增方法基础上,开展了肉制品掺假鉴定方法研究。以猪、鸡、鸭线粒体细胞色素b基因为目的序列,采用软件Primer Explorer Version5,通过序列比对设计并筛选环介导等温扩增(Loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)的特异性扩增引物。通过反应体系优化建立猪、鸡、鸭源性成分的环介导等温扩增技术分析方法,对常见9种动物源性成分进行特异性分析,检出限达到0.001 ng/μL,高浓度牛、羊DNA不影响方法检出限。通过分析模板脱氧核糖核酸(Deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA)浓度与反应循环数的关系,建立牛羊肉产品中,阈值为1%的猪、鸡、鸭掺杂成分的LAMP快速检测方法,分析时间36 min。采用该方法对深加工模拟掺杂肉样本分析结果与现行国家标准方法结果一致。研究可为肉制品原材料、市售生鲜肉及加工肉制品的肉成分快速筛查提供解决途径。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.