激光参数对旁轴送粉激光熔覆粉末熔化行为的影响

旁轴送粉激光熔覆时粉末到达熔池的热物状态对熔覆层成形精度和质量有着重要意义，针对光粉作用时粉末的不同熔化行为，搭建了旁轴送粉激光熔覆过程红外热成像采集系统和高速摄像过程采集系统，研究了不同激光功率和离焦量下的光粉热交互作用，建立了粉末熔化时出现的三个典型特征阶段并分析了不同激光功率和离焦量对粉末熔化特征阶段持续时间的影响，最终得出粉末热物状态与特征阶段的关系。结果表明：激光功率增大，光粉作用空间中熔化的粉末数量增多，粉末温度不均匀性减小；离焦量增大，液态粉末颗粒数量增大，粉末温度不均匀性横向减小；激光功率越小或离焦量越大，固态粉末升温和熔化所需的时间增大，粉末以固态进入熔池的几率变大。最后，得到了不同激光参数下粉末到达熔池时的热物状态，为实现粉末熔化行为的解析提供了试验依据。     

光电系统离焦量对其猫眼效应回波功率的影响规律及原因分析

离焦量是决定光电系统猫眼效应回波功率强弱的关键因素。为了分析不同离焦情况对猫眼效应回波功率的影响规律及原因,通过对光电系统猫眼效应几何光学传输模型的分析,推导了包含离焦量的猫眼效应回波功率和等效回波波束球心的表达式,分析了不同离焦情况对回波功率的影响机理,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:在离焦情况下,猫眼效应回波波束可以等效为从目标处发出的一束锥状球面波,随着离焦量的增大,该球面波的球心距接收点的距离逐渐增大,因此回波功率逐渐衰减;正离焦时,该等效球面波的球心与接收点位于目标的同侧,负离焦时,球面波的球心与接收点位于目标的异侧,因此,在相同离焦量条件下,负离焦所导致的回波功率衰减程度比正离焦时更大;实验结果验证了这个结论。     

同轴监测激光深熔焊熔池小孔的特征分析

为了研究激光焊接工艺参量以及焊接材料对熔池、小孔形貌的影响,搭建了激光焊接同轴监测系统,对比研究了有无辅助光源和不同工艺条件下、采用中心波长分别为532nm和808nm窄带滤光片同轴监测的熔池、小孔图像特征。结果表明,采用808nm激光辅助光源照明和808nm窄带滤光片,可清晰地拍摄到熔池、小孔以及穿透孔特征图像;相同的工艺条件下,熔池变化小,小孔动态波动且波动幅度小,穿透孔的时变动态特征较小孔则明显不同;熔池宽度随激光功率的增加而增大,随焊接速率增大而减小;不同材料激光焊接的熔池、小孔和穿透孔的同轴监测验证了本监测系统的稳定性。该研究对激光焊接质量实时监控有理论指导意义。     

基于温度场模拟TiNiTa记忆合金涂层工艺参数选择

以获得TC4钛合金表面高质量TiNiTa涂层为目标,使用ANSYSWORKBENCH软件、采用3D高斯热源,对激光熔覆TiNiTa粉末过程进行数值模拟仿真,研究其温度场云图分布;并研究激光功率、扫描速度、离焦量对温度场的影响。结果表明,在能量密度为1698J/mm2时熔覆层组织致密细小、与基体呈现良好的冶金结合;熔池中心的最高温度随着激光功率的增大而增大,随着热源移动速度和离焦量的增大而减小;另外,TC4钛合金表面的耐腐蚀被明显改善。模拟与试验结合确定激光熔覆的最优工艺参数为:激光功率100W、扫描速度2.5mm/s、离焦量10mm、脉宽5ms、频率10 Hz;通过分析可知能量密度是影响熔覆层组织及性能的重要因素,仿真模型的正确性及方法的可行性亦可得到试验验证。     

高强镀锌钢激光填粉焊接工艺试验研究

为了研究高强镀锌钢激光填粉焊接工艺,采用正交实验法优化了激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量等焊接工艺参量。结果表明,激光填粉焊接速率过低时,焊缝易于产生熔质堆积和焊接孔洞;增大离焦量可实现粉末的有效利用;装配间隙为0.25mm（母材厚度的31%）时,高强镀锌钢激光填粉焊接的最佳工艺参量为激光功率1500W,焊接速率30mm/s,离焦量12mm,此时,焊缝表面成形良好,其拉伸试验断裂产生在母材。     

高强镀锌钢激光填粉焊接工艺试验研究

为了研究高强镀锌钢激光填粉焊接工艺,采用正交实验法优化了激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量等焊接工艺参量。结果表明,激光填粉焊接速率过低时,焊缝易于产生熔质堆积和焊接孔洞;增大离焦量可实现粉末的有效利用;装配间隙为0.25mm(母材厚度的31%)时,高强镀锌钢激光填粉焊接的最佳工艺参量为激光功率1500W,焊接速率30mm/s,离焦量12mm,此时,焊缝表面成形良好,其拉伸试验断裂产生在母材。     

铝合金锁底接头一维振荡激光焊接气孔率分析

采用一维振荡激光对3 mm厚5A06铝合金锁底接头进行焊接，分析振荡幅度、振荡频率、焊接速度以及离焦量对焊缝气孔率的影响。结果表明，随着振荡幅度和离焦量的增大，气孔率明显降低；随着振荡频率的增大，气孔率先降低后升高，最佳振荡频率区间为150～250 Hz;随着焊接速度增大，气孔率先升高后降低；气孔率与深宽比大致成指数式增长关系，深宽比小于1.5时，可将气孔率控制在5%以内。在此基础上，得到优化工艺参数，焊接产品模拟件，焊缝气孔率满足相关标准Ⅰ级要求。     

金刚石锯片激光焊接

研究了焊接工艺参数及刀头材料对焊接质量的影响。结果表明 ,激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量、光束偏移量等工艺参数显著影响焊接质量 ;刀头材料的成分对焊接质量也有很大影响     

离焦量对铝合金表面激光除漆损伤特性的影响

飞机激光除漆时铝合金基体保护及除漆效率与材料损伤阈值密切相关,而激光离焦量的变化将直接改变材料的损伤阈值,以及除漆效率。采用ISO 11254 1-on-1激光损伤阈值测试方法研究不同离焦量时的铝合金和漆层的损伤阈值,对激光单脉冲光斑的二维、三维形貌进行分析,将理论值与实测值得到的不同离焦量时的损伤凹坑直径及深度进行验证。结果表明：随激光离焦量增加,光斑面积增大的同时材料损伤阈值下降,可有效提升能量利用率及除漆效率;实际单脉冲作用的材料凹坑深度随离焦量的增大而减小,且面积增大;凹坑深度、凹坑直径的理论值、实测值具有较好的相关性,并从激光材料作用机理角度对其误差进行了解释说明。     

光纤激光及CO_2激光焊接高强钢

为了比较光纤激光及CO2激光焊接特性,采用2 kW光纤激光器及2.4 kW CO2激光器对590 MPa高强钢板进行焊接试验,通过改变离焦量及焊接速度等焊接参数,研究了两种焊接方法的熔深变化情况。结果表明,当焊接速度和输出功率相同时,光纤激光与CO2激光焊接相比可获得更大的熔深;在负离焦条件下,离焦量在焦深以内时可使熔深增大;功率一定时,熔深随着焊接速度的增加而减小,但是CO2激光焊接的熔深减小比率大于光纤激光焊接。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.