水杨酸处理对杏果实贮藏品质的影响

研究了水杨酸处理赛买提杏后对其采后贮藏品质的影响。在0.05MPa负压下,将杏果实分别浸泡于浓度为0.002、0.01、0.05g/L的水杨酸溶液中。将处理后的杏果实取出晾干,于4℃,RH90%～95%条件下贮藏。定期测定杏果实贮藏期间的失重率、硬度、叶绿素、维生素C、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、发病率。结果显示,0.01g/L水杨酸处理的杏果实贮藏品质最好,能有效地抑制杏果实贮藏期间的失重率上升,硬度的下降,延缓叶绿素和维生素C含量的下降,减少杏果实中可溶性固形物和可滴定酸的损耗,降低杏果实腐烂率。     

壳聚糖及其复配对大久保桃常温贮藏特性的影响

在常温贮藏条件下利用抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、迷迭香提取物与壳聚糖复配不同保鲜剂对大久保桃失重率、腐烂率、L*值、维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量、还原糖含量、可溶性固形物含量、果肉硬度等贮藏特性指标的影响,比较不同保鲜剂复配的贮藏保鲜效果。试验结果表明,4 g/L抗坏血酸+15 g/L壳聚糖溶液浸渍涂膜、4 g/L迷迭香+15 g/L壳聚糖溶液浸渍涂膜这两组处理的保鲜效果最为明显,协同增效保鲜作用突出。     

壳聚糖涂膜处理对沙糖桔采后生理及品质的影响

目的研究壳聚糖涂膜处理对沙糖桔(Shatang mandarin)采后生理及品质的影响。方法常温条件下(20±2)℃采用0.5%、1.0%和1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理,每4 d取一次样品,分别对沙糖桔果实的腐烂率、呼吸强度、可滴定酸含量、可溶性固形物含量和维生素C含量进行测定。结果与对照组相比,不同质量分数的壳聚糖涂膜处理均能有效抑制沙糖桔果实腐烂率的上升,延缓呼吸强度、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物和维生素C含量的下降。其中,1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理对维持沙糖桔果实采后生理及品质的效果更显著。结论常温条件下,1.5%壳聚糖涂膜处理适用于沙糖桔果实的贮藏保鲜。     

臭氧处理对采后黄瓜贮藏品质的影响

目的研究不同浓度臭氧处理对采后黄瓜贮藏品质的影响。方法分别用浓度为1、3和5μg/mL臭氧处理用微孔膜包装的黄瓜15 min,每隔1 d处理1次,于7℃冷库中贮藏,并通过测定黄瓜硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、叶绿素、丙二醛、过氧化物酶活性等指标来确定处理黄瓜的合适臭氧浓度。结果与对照组相比,采用5μg/mL浓度的臭氧处理可保持黄瓜较好的硬度,减缓叶绿素、抗坏血酸、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物等营养成分的降低,有效抑制丙二醛的积累,抑制过氧化物酶的活性。结论臭氧处理可以保持黄瓜的生理生化指标,提高黄瓜的贮藏品质,其中5μg/mL的臭氧处理效果最好。     

壳聚糖和噻苯咪唑处理对晋枣鲜果贮藏品质的影响

研究壳聚糖(chitosan,CTS)涂膜处理和噻苯咪唑(thiabendazole,TBZ)熏蒸处理对晋枣鲜果采后贮藏品质的影响。将具有果面3/4红色成熟度的新鲜晋枣分别用质量浓度2. 0 g/L的壳聚糖溶液进行涂膜和含噻苯咪唑4. 5%(质量分数)的烟剂以5 g/m3熏蒸3 h,后置于-1～0℃冷库中贮藏,定期测量相对电导率、果实硬度、丙二醛、叶绿素、可滴定酸、抗坏血酸含量和失重率、好果率,贮后进行感官评价。结果表明,壳聚糖涂膜和噻苯咪唑熏蒸处理均能够降低果实细胞膜相对渗透率,抑制丙二醛的积累,维持较高的果实硬度,保持可滴定酸和抗坏血酸含量,减缓叶绿素含量的下降,减少果实失重和腐烂,壳聚糖涂膜处理保鲜效果优于噻苯咪唑熏蒸处理。贮藏100 d时,壳聚糖涂膜处理好果率为94. 6%,果实色泽鲜艳,口感俱佳。     

不同保鲜剂对米枣采后贮藏品质的影响

探索不同保鲜剂对米枣贮藏过程中品质指标的影响。以绵阳“米枣”为试材,采后用复合保鲜剂涂膜、壳聚糖涂膜和1-MCP处理后,置于温度(4±1)℃的冷藏库贮藏,测定贮藏过程中转红率、腐烂率、质量损失率、硬度、VC、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和可溶性固形物等各项品质指标的变化。结果表明：与对照组相比,处理组能不同程度的保持米枣的硬度,延缓成熟进程和品质下降。复合保鲜剂处理组贮藏至30d时,硬度为13.54kg/cm2,转红率、腐烂率和质量损失率分别为69%、16.3%和1.21%,VC含量为270mg/100g,可溶性糖含量、可滴定酸含量和可溶性固形物含量为14.1%、0.2%和20%,各项品质指标均优于其他处理组和对照组。     

臭氧处理对不同成熟度葡萄保鲜效果

为确定臭氧保鲜葡萄的最佳采摘期,以臭氧处理七、八、九成熟的3种不同成熟度的果实,测定其贮藏过程中相关理化指标的变化,包括可溶性糖含量、维生素C、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、耐压力以及失重率和腐烂率等。结果表明:采用臭氧水处理葡萄时,八成熟果实在21d时的可溶性糖含量为13.84%,维生素C为5.18mg/100g,可溶性固形物含量为11.6%,可滴定酸为0.55%,耐压力为0.11MPa,失重率为0.75%,腐烂率为0.70%,贮藏保鲜效果最好,可为臭氧保鲜处理条件下的葡萄采摘时期提供技术参考。     

壳聚糖涂膜保鲜圆脆红枣

以圆脆红枣为试材,在贮藏条件为温度－ 1～0℃、相对湿度90%～95% 条件下,探讨不同质量分数(0.50%、1.00%、1.50%、2.00%、2.50%)壳聚糖涂膜处理圆脆红枣的保鲜效果。经70d 的贮藏,结果表明：1.50%壳聚糖涂膜处理保鲜效果最显著,其果实腐烂率低,为30.60%;质量损失小,质量损失率11.35%;果品贮运性能好,硬度为9.88kg/cm2;营养成分损失较小,其中可滴定酸含量为0.31%;VC 含量为412.56mg/100g;可溶性固形物含量为22.22%。而空白对照组的腐烂率高达92%,已完全丧失果品商品价值,表明壳聚糖涂膜保鲜可以明显延缓圆脆红枣采后的衰老,能有效延长圆脆红枣的保藏期。     

新疆不同品种鲜杏在低温贮藏期间品质变化

以3 个新疆鲜杏品种小白杏、小红杏、李杏为试验材料,研究（4±2）℃温度下不同品种鲜杏的品质特性变化。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,小白杏的果实维生素C 含量、可滴定酸含量和硬度下降幅度最大,李杏果实的可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量下降幅度最小。低温贮藏前20 d,3 个品种的腐烂率均为0%;贮藏至40 d 时,小白杏的腐烂率高达32%,小红杏的腐烂率为28%,而李杏的腐烂率仅为21%。综合分析,3 个品种鲜杏果实在低温条件下均具有良好的贮藏性,李杏和小红杏的贮藏性明显优于小白杏。     

花椒提取液与壳聚糖复合膜对冬枣保鲜效果的影响

以冬枣为试验材料,用2％壳聚糖溶液、50 mg/mL花椒提取液与2％壳聚糖复合溶液对冬枣进行浸泡处理,以清水浸泡为对照,4 ℃低温储藏,每隔5d测定果实的腐烂率、失重率、硬度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、维生素C、丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性等品质或生理指标,研究花椒提取液与壳聚糖复合膜对冬枣采后保鲜效果的影...     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.