手性柱高效液相色谱拆分测定营养强化剂硒-甲基硒代半胱氨酸对映体

目的:建立营养强化剂硒-甲基硒代半胱氨酸对映体拆分与定量测定高效液相色谱法,为其质量标准的建立奠定基础。方法:采用配体交换手性柱,以硫酸铜为手性配体流动相,考察了铜离子浓度、D,L-硒-甲基硒代半胱氨酸进样量和柱温等因素对硒-甲基硒代半胱氨酸对映体的拆分效果。结果:优化拆分条件为:检测波长240nm,柱温为35℃,流动相硫酸铜浓度为0.4mmol/L,流速为1.0mL/min。在上述色谱条件下,L-硒-甲基硒代半胱氨酸的进样量在0.95μg³0.28μg范围内与峰面积之间呈现良好线性关系,线性回归方程为Y=725.52X-62.13,R=0.9999,加标回收率为97.67%30.28μg范围内与峰面积之间呈现良好线性关系,线性回归方程为Y=725.52X-62.13,R=0.9999,加标回收率为97.67%⁹9.88%,检测限和定量限分别为0.0528μg和0.132μg。归一化法测得该色谱条件下能准确检出0.6%以上的D型异构体。结论:该方法专属性强,灵敏度较高,重现性好,结果准确,适用于L-硒-甲基硒代半胱氨酸的工艺和质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法检测富硒酵母中的硒代蛋氨酸

建立了高效液相色谱法测定富硒酵母中硒代蛋氨酸的分析方法。采用酶解提取法提取富硒酵母样品中的硒代蛋氨酸,丹磺酰氯柱前衍生,C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm i.d.,5μm)分离,以10 mmol/L磷酸二氢钠缓冲液(含4%N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,pH=6.55)和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,荧光检测(激发波长:320 nm;发射波长:523nm)。硒代蛋氨酸的检出限为(S/N=3)1μg/L,定量限为(S/N=10)5μg/L。在1 mg/L~50 mg/L范围内的线性关系良好(R≥0.999 6)。加标回收率在91.12%~107.83%,方法相对标准偏差<1.2%。本方法具有专属性好,灵敏度高,适用于富硒酵母原料及相关产品中的硒代蛋氨酸的定量测定。     

食品中硒的含量检测及形态分析

采用GB 5009.93—2017《食品安全国家标准食品中硒的测定》中规定的食品中硒元素含量检测方法对食品中硒元素进行含量检测,所得标准曲线方程为y=2626.595x+126.650,R²=1.000,硒元素在0~100μg/L范围内线性相关系数均为1.000,线性关系良好,并通过样品验证证明该方法准确有效。另外,该试验建立了利用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子色谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)联用分离检测富硒食品中硒酸根(SeO₄^2-)、亚硒酸根(SeO₃^2-)、硒代胱氨酸(SeCys₂)、硒甲基硒代半胱氨酸(MeSeCys)、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)5种不同硒元素形态的方法。该方法利用胃蛋白酶在0.1%盐酸体系下酶解提取食品中的硒化合物,采用Hamilton PRP X-100阴离子交换柱作为分离柱,以5 mmol/L柠檬酸、氨水调节pH 4.7为流动相,等度洗脱分离5种硒化物,再运用ICP-MS进行检测。结果表明,该方法对于5种硒元素形态分离效果较好,在900 s内可完成5种硒形态的快速准确分析,是一种有效可行的对富硒产品中硒形态的分析方法。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术测定富硒食品中无机硒和有机硒的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(HPLC-ICP/MS)测定富硒食品中无机硒和有机硒含量的方法。方法采用纯水提取富硒食品中的无机硒,通过透析作用分离小分子量的硒化合物与样品基体,利用阴离子交换色谱分离,采用Hamilton PRP-X100分析柱和预柱(250 mm×4 mm,10μm),流动相为5 mmol/L柠檬酸铵中加2%甲醇,电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定样品中无机硒的含量。根据总硒与无机硒的差值计算有机硒含量。结果硒(IV)和硒(VI)检出限分别为6.67和9.95μg/kg,二者回收率分别为70.2%~108.1%和73.2%~116.9%。结论该方法可满足富硒食品中无机硒和有机硒含量的测定。     

超声提取结合HPLC-ICP-MS联用测定富硒山茶油中的硒形态

采用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICPMS)法测定富硒山茶油中硒代胱氨酸、甲基-硒代半胱氨酸、亚硒酸根、硒代蛋氨酸、硒酸根5种硒形态化合物含量。样品0.5 g经蛋白酶K和超声提取，利用Hamilton PRP-X100色谱柱进行分离，以5 mmol/L柠檬酸溶液(pH 5.5)、超纯水为流动相进行梯度洗脱，外标法定量。结果表明，采用1 mL蛋白酶K溶液为提取剂，超声提取50 min，5种硒化合物在15 min内得到了有效分离。5种硒化合物的质量浓度为5.0~100 μg/L时，线性关系良好，相关系数均大于0.999，检出限为0.16~1.15 μg/L，定量限为9.6~69.0 μg/kg，相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.86%~4.87%，样品加标回收率为94.6%~113.1%。表明该法操作简便、检出限低、精密度及准确度良好，适用于富硒山茶油中硒的形态分析。     

富硒玉米蛋白水解物中硒肽及含硒氨基酸的结构鉴定

为了明确硒在玉米蛋白中的赋存形式,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(HPLC-MS/MS),结合质谱数据库比对以及高效液相色谱-等离子体质谱法(HPLC-ICP/MS),对富硒玉米蛋白水解物中硒肽及含硒氨基酸的结构进行鉴定。结果确定了5个小肽,其氨基酸序列分别为:SeMet-MeSeCys-Glu、Met-MeSeCys-Glu、MeSeCys-Glu-Asp、Ile-MeSeCys-Glu、γ-Glu-MeSeCys;确定了4种含硒氨基酸,分别为硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)、硒代乙硫氨酸(SeEt)、L-硒-甲基硒代半胱氨酸(MeSeCys)、硒代胱氨酸(SeCys2)。借助于标样对含硒氨基酸和二肽进行定量,5个硒肽均含MeSeCys,其中只有一个肽段含SeCys2;但在含硒氨基酸中则是以SeMet含量最高为(586.3±49.5)ng/g,最低的是SeCys2为(102.6±9.0)ng/g。     

液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱联用法测定大豆中的5种硒形态

目的建立液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱法(liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,LC-ICP-MS)测定谷物类大豆样品中5种硒形态[硒代胱氨酸(SeCys2)、甲基硒代L-半胱氨酸(MeSeCys)、亚硒酸根(SeⅣ)、硒代蛋氨酸(SeMet)和硒酸根(SeVI)]的分析方法。方法样品采用超声水解,加入链酶蛋白酶E提取,经C_(18)反向色谱柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm,100?)分离,以30mmol/L磷酸氢二铵、0.5mmol/L四丁基溴化铵、2%甲醇为流动相,流动相的pH用甲酸调节至5.8～6.0,通过ICP-MS测定5种硒形态。结果经方法优化后, LC-ICP-MS方法可以在8 min内将5种硒形态完全分离,且各个硒形态标准曲线的线性关系良好(r~2≥0.995),方法检出限为0.5～1.0μg/L,定量限为1.5～3.0μg/L,加标回收率为97.34%～100.33%,相对标准偏差为0.46%～1.2%。结论本方法具有前处理简单、快捷,灵敏度高,分析速度快等优点,适用于大豆食品中硒的形态分析。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子质谱法分析富硒茶叶中硒的形态

建立富硒茶叶中硒代胱氨酸（SeCys2）、甲基-硒代半胱氨酸（SeMC）、亚硒酸根（Se（IV））、硒代蛋氨酸（SeMet）、硒酸根（Se（VI））5?种硒化合物的高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱的分离检测方法。方法利用Hamilton?PRP-X100色谱柱对富硒茶叶中5?种硒化合物进行分离,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱对硒元素进行检测,外标法定量测定5?种硒化合物的含量。研究采用蛋白酶K溶液为提取剂,超声提取60?min,以柠檬酸溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,5?种硒化合物在15?min内得到了有效分离。5?种硒化合物标准曲线的线性相关系数不小于0.999?8,检出限为0.13～1.09?μg/L。该前处理方法样品加标回收率在91.8%～109.4%之间。方法操作简便、分离效果好、检出限低,适用于富硒茶叶中硒的形态分析。     

高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱联用技术测定富硒大米中的5种硒形态

目的建立高效液相色谱-氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(high performance liquid chromatographyhydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry,HPLC-HG-AFS)检测富硒大米中硒代胱氨酸(Se Cys2)、甲基硒代半胱氨酸(Me Se Cys)、亚硒酸根(Se IV)、硒代蛋氨酸(Se Met)和硒酸根(Se VI)的方法。方法选择Hamilton PRP-X100阴离子交换色谱柱,对流动相浓度、p H值以及提取条件进行选择优化。样品采用链霉蛋白酶E水解超声提取方式,使用40 mmol/L的磷酸氢二铵溶液(p H 6.0)作为流动相。结果 20 min内可以完全分离5种硒形态,各种硒形态标准曲线线性相关系数(r)均大于0.999,检出限分别为3.7、1.7、1.2、4.2、7.2μg/L。加标回收实验显示富硒大米中硒的主要存在形态即硒代蛋氨酸回收率范围在95.1%~98.2%,其他4种硒形态回收率范围均在80.4%~102.5%。结论本方法可以快速、准确地测定大米中硒的5种形态。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测富硒苹果中5种硒形态

目的建立高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术(high performance liquid chromatographyinductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,HPLC-ICP-MS)测定富硒苹果中5种硒形态的方法。方法对样品提取方法、流动相的类型、浓度、p H值等条件进行考察及确定,采用柠檬酸超声提取的方式处理样品,流动相为浓度为5 mmol/L、p H=5.0的柠檬酸溶液。选用Hamiltion PRP-X100阴离子分析柱,色谱进样量为100μL,质谱采用碰撞池模式进行测定。结果本方法在15 min内可以完全分离5种硒形态,硒代胱氨酸(Se Cys2)、甲基硒代半胱氨酸(Me Se Cys)、亚硒酸根(Se(Ⅳ))、硒代蛋氨酸(Se Met)、硒酸根(Se(Ⅵ))的检出限分别为0.6、0.7、1、0.9、1μg/L,样品加标回收率范围为82.1%~98.3%,相对标准偏差为1.6%~3.8%。结论本方法可以简单、快速、准确地测定富硒苹果中硒的5种形态。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.