鲜味八肽的表达载体构建及表达效果验证

鲜味肽是近年来新发现的呈味物质,但国内外对其呈味效果存在争议。导致这一争议的可能原因是验证鲜味肽呈味效果的方法主要是采用化学合成法。为了制备生物源鲜味肽,以便对鲜味肽呈味效果进行再评价,本文以争议性鲜味八肽为目标肽,采用基因工程法,构建了制备生物源鲜味肽的表达载体,并对其表达效果进行了验证。根据争议性鲜味八肽的一级结构Lys-Gly-Asp-Glu-Glu-Ser-Leu-Ala和大肠杆菌E.coli BL21(DE3)的密码子偏爱性,设计了该鲜味八肽的DNA序列,并将其克隆在pET-32a(+)上形成表达载体。通过菌落PCR检测阳性克隆、重组质粒鉴定及工程菌的诱导表达,结果发现,鲜味八肽的目的基因成功重组在pET-32a载体上,所得pET-32a鲜味肽重组载体转化大肠杆菌后能够正常表达融合蛋白。这为后续获得生物源鲜味八肽奠定了基础。     

乳源抗高血压七肽串联基因的合成及表达

分析了抗高血压肤结构和功能之间的关系,人工合成具有较高活性的抗高血压肽基因序列,并进一步串联为11拷贝抗高血压肽,克隆至表达载体pET-32b(+)上并转化宿主茵BL21.重组茵经诱导培养、细胞破碎,表达蛋白经胰蛋白酶酶解,测定酶解产物抑制ACE酶活性.表达蛋白的胰蛋白酶酶解产物抑制ACE酶活性达到77.23%.成功合成了串联的11拷贝抗高血压七肽基因,并实现了其在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,表达蛋白的胰蛋白酶酶解产物具有抗高血压肽活性.     

建鲤组织蛋白酶L的克隆表达、纯化及活性特征鉴定

首先采用TA克隆技术克隆建鲤组织蛋白酶L(Cathepsin L,CAT L)成熟肽基因片段并进行双酶切鉴定,进而构建表达载体CAT L-p ET-30a并转入宿主菌E.coli BL21,经1 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(IPTG)在37℃诱导2 h表达重组CAT L蛋白。而后经尿素梯度洗涤和镍离子亲和层析纯化目的蛋白,并利用SDS-PAGE检测诱导效果和纯化过程。最后以荧光合成肽底物(Z-Phe-Arg-MCA)测活法鉴定建鲤重组CAT L的热稳定性、p H稳定性,以及鱼糜生产和冻藏中常用添加剂对其活性稳定性的影响。双酶切鉴定结果表明成功克隆了目的基因片段,与鲤鱼CAT L基因序列相似性为99.11%。SDS-PAGE分析表明经诱导、尿素梯度洗涤及亲和层析后,成功获得高度纯化目的蛋白,分子量约28 ku。活性鉴定结果表明重组CAT L在20~50℃及p H3.0~6.5范围内稳定;氯化钠、焦磷酸钠对重组CAT L活性的抑制作用呈现剂量依赖关系,而各浓度蔗糖、山梨醇则对其活性无明显作用。本研究成功克隆、表达和纯化了建鲤CAT L,并阐明了热、p H及鱼糜生产和冻藏中常用添加剂对该酶稳定性的不同影响。     

重组降血压肽表达系统的构建及表达多肽的鉴定

通过对降血压肽结构和功能的分析,设计合成了一条小肤VPVLPK.通过测定其对ACE酶的抑制活性,发现此肽具有很好的降血压活性IC50为4.2μmol/L.根据大肠杆菌偏爱密码子人工合成此肽的6拷贝片段,将其克隆至表达载体pET-15b并转化到宿主菌E.coil BL21(DE3)中.筛选阳性克隆,通过双酶切、PCR及测序表明,本研究已成功构建出重组降血压肽质粒pET-15b-ACEIP的表达系统.IPTG诱导表达后的菌体通过Tricne-SDS-PAGE小分子多肽电泳检测在5.8～7.8kDa之间出现目的蛋白条带,这与理论蛋白分子量6.2kDa相符,且目的蛋白主要存在于超声破碎的上清液中.上清液用胰蛋白酶酶切后,通过HPLC鉴定证实为目的多肤,且多肤的含量达130mg/L.     

红鳍东方鲀组织蛋白酶L表达载体的构建及表达结果验证

红鳍东方鲀味道鲜美,已从其体内发掘了系列鲜味肽,但其形成机制尚未明确。组织蛋白酶L可通过降解肌原纤维蛋白及肌钙蛋白发挥着重要的滋味形成作用。为了探索其对红鳍东方鲀呈味肽的形成机制,本研究通过查找NCBI数据库得到一条全长为1 336 bp的红鳍东方鲀组织蛋白酶L的序列,从红鳍东方鲀肌肉中提取RNA并转录为cDNA作为模板克隆,选择p ET-28a(+)作为表达载体、E.coli BL21作为重组工程菌进行克隆表达,成功得到大小为36 k D的重组组织蛋白酶L,并验证了其可在大肠杆菌表达系统中成功克隆表达。本研究为进一步研究红鳍东方鲀组织蛋白酶L酶学特性及其对滋味形成提供了理论支持。     

重组降血压肽ACEIP的表达及活性鉴定

选择降血压肽WQVLPNAVPAK，人工合成大肠杆菌密码子优化后六串联体血管紧张素转换酶抑制肽(angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptide,ACEIP)基因片段ACEIP，将其克隆至表达载体pET30a后构建重组质粒pET30a-ACEIP。该重组质粒经限制性内切酶Nde I和HindIII双酶切鉴定、菌落聚合酶链式反应鉴定后，将其化转至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中，构建了表达工程菌大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)/pET30a-ACEIP。工程菌经终浓度为0.8 mmol/L异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷导后，Tricine-十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示在分子质量约为8.7 kDa处出现一条明显条带。经Ni²⁺亲和层析、肠激酶酶切后纯化得到串联多肽ACEIP。其中融合蛋白的表达量为61.30 mg/L，串联多肽ACEIP的表达量为57.84 mg/L。串联多肽经胰蛋白酶酶解后的IC₅₀值为6.39 mg/m L,ACE抑制活性高于单体肽WQVLPNAVPAK的抑制活性(I...     

重组鲑鱼降钙素与降钙素基因相关肽融合基因分子设计及大肠杆菌表达载体构建

[目的]:为了获得一种能同时对高血压和骨质疏松两种疾病有治疗作用的融合蛋白.[方法]:根据大肠杆菌偏爱密码子原则,采用基因工程的方法设计并合成了重组降钙素基因相关肽与鲑鱼降钙素融合基因,并将该基因克隆到pGEX-6P-1表达载体上,将重组质粒转化到BL21中表达.[结果]:通过DNA测序验证目的基因被正确克隆到pGEX-6P-1上.[结论]:大肠杆菌表达栽体构建成功.     

基因共表达对人源LysoPLD异源可溶性表达、纯化及酶学性质的影响

目的:为实现人源溶血磷脂酶D（LysoPLD）的原核异源可溶性表达。方法:通过NCBI检索,确定人源LysoPLD基因序列（GenBank: L46720.1）。采用密码子优化后的序列,克隆至pET-28a表达载体中,采用共表达麦芽糖结合蛋白融合标签（MBP）和共表达促蛋白正确折叠分子伴侣触发因子Trigger factor（tig）两种方式提高LysoPLD蛋白在大肠杆菌中的异源可溶性表达,建立对应蛋白的纯化工艺包括离子柱纯化,硫酸铵盐析,疏水柱纯化,淀粉树脂柱（Amylose Resin）纯化,分离纯化获得的重组酶,经聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）测定蛋白纯度,以对羟基棕榈酸酯为底物对比两种蛋白的酶学性质。结果:成功构建载体pET28a-MBP-LysoPLD和pET28a-pTF16-LysoPLD,并获得工程菌BL21（DE3）-pET28a-MBP-LysoPLD和BL21（DE3）-pET28a-pTf16-LysoPLD。BL21（DE3）-pET28a-MBP-LysoPLD经0.6 mmol/L异丙基硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）低温诱导过夜可获得上清表达的MBP-LysoPLD蛋白;BL21（DE3）-pET28a-pTf16-LysoPLD在含有0.5 μg/mL L-Arabinose的LB培养基中培养,经0.1 mmol/L IPTG低温诱导表达,可获得可溶性表达的LysoPLD蛋白,经纯化,酶纯度可大于80%。以对羟基棕榈酸酯为底物,对比两种方法得到的蛋白的酶学性质,发现二者催化反应的最适温度、最适pH、最适Ca2+浓度、比酶活基本一致。结论:两种基因共表达方式都可实现人源LysoPLD的在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达,且酶学性质基本相同。     

乳源性免疫活性肽在E.coli BL21中分泌表达的诱导条件优化

设计4个乳源性免疫活性肽的目的基因后,利用基因重组技术成功构建原核表达载体pTYB11,并将重组质粒转化到E.coli BL21中,通过改变异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷 (IPTG)的浓度、培养时间和培养温度,设计正交试验来优化乳源活性小肽的IPTG诱导表达条件,使目的蛋白可在E.coli BL21中高效表达。依据15% SDS-PAGE电泳分析得到融合蛋白的表达量,选出最适诱导条件为IPTG终浓度0.1～0.2mmol/L,在12～15℃条件下培养20h,得到大小为59.2kD左右的融合目的蛋白,其表达量可占总蛋白表达量的40%,经Western Blotting鉴定正确。     

花生Ara h6基因的克隆、表达以及免疫活性鉴定

目的:克隆花生主要过敏原Ara h6基因,诱导表达并纯化该蛋白,检测其免疫活性.方法:提取花生总RNA,设计特异性引物,RT-PCR克隆花生Ara h6的基因,将测序正确的片段连入原核表达载体pET-28a上,并转入BL21(DE3)宿主表达菌中,IPTG诱导袁达,通过Ni2+亲和层析柱纯化目的蛋白,Western-blotting检测该重组蛋白的免疫原性.结果:测序结果表明花生Ara h6目的片段全长为438bp,编码145个氨基酸,与GenBank中蛋白序列100%相同.该基因诱导表达的产物纯化后经SDS-PAGE鉴定为17kDa.Western-blotting结果表明该蛋白与花生过敏病人混合血清中IgE结合,具有免疫原性.结论:成功克隆花生过敏原Ara h6的基因,该基因表达的重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.