柑橘活性成份及皮渣再利用研究进展

综述了柑橘加工副产物皮渣中生物活性成分的研究概况与应用前景,介绍柑橘皮渣中活性成分的检测方法、提取方法研究现状,讨论分析各方法优缺点。最后简述柑橘皮渣加工、有益物质再利用情况,分析现有柑橘皮渣再利用技术难点所在。     

柑橘中类黄酮的前处理及检测技术研究进展

类黄酮化合物是含量最大的多酚类物质,具有抗氧化、抗癌、降低胆固醇等多种生理功能,在柑橘属中含量丰富,已经广泛应用于食品、医药和化妆品等领域。本文介绍了柑橘中类黄酮的种类结构,重点综述了近几年来柑橘中类黄酮活性成分的前处理技术,如固相萃取,闪式提取,超临界流体萃取、分子印迹技术,以及液相色谱、液质联用等检测技术。并分析了未来柑橘中活性成分的研究开发趋势。     

柑橘成分与肠道菌群相互作用研究进展

柑橘是我国第一大类水果,富含天然活性成分,具有抗菌、增强免疫、调节糖脂代谢稳态等生理功能。值得注意的是,越来越多的研究表明柑橘成分能够发挥有益作用可能与其对肠道菌群的调节有关。该文综述了柑橘中含有的主要活性成分在肠道中的代谢过程、代谢产物以及对肠道菌群的影响,以期为柑橘活性成分的进一步开发提供理论依据。     

柑橘属药食同源植物次生代谢物及生物活性研究进展

柑橘属植物是重要的药食同源植物。枳壳、枳实、佛手、枳雀、化橘红和广陈皮是常见的柑橘属药食同源植物制品,含有丰富的类黄酮、香豆素、生物碱、类柠檬苦素和挥发油等活性成分,具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血脂、抗抑郁和止咳化痰等多种生物活性,被广泛应用于保健品、食品和医药等领域中。这6 种药食同源制品均源自柑橘属植物果实,但各自活性成分组成存在差异,临床功效也不同,目前尚缺乏系统的归纳和比较。本文系统地比较了它们的活性成分和生物活性,以期为柑橘属植物资源的进一步研究与合理利用提供理论依据。     

柑橘膳食纤维理化性质、生理功能及其在食品中的应用研究进展

柑橘含有多种生物活性成分,其中膳食纤维（dietary fiber,DF）含量尤为丰富（50.13～68.00 g/100 g干基）。柑橘DF具有良好的理化性质,包括持水力、吸水膨胀力和持油力等,使其在肉制品、焙烤制品和奶制品等食品中被广泛应用。此外,柑橘DF由于其多样的功能性质,已被证实可对预防糖尿病、肥胖、心血管疾病和肠道疾病等发挥积极作用。本文综述了柑橘DF的分子组成、化学结构、理化性质、生理活性以及在食品中的应用,以期为柑橘DF的开发利用提供理论依据。     

基于生物网络分析研究柑橘属果皮辅助预防2型糖尿病作用

目的：初步阐明柑橘属植物果皮辅助预防2型糖尿病的主成分与机制。方法：体外测定柑橘属植物果皮对α-糖苷酶的抑制活性,后通过网络药理学预测其可能的活性成分及其可能的作用机制,再用分子对接验证。结果：13批柑橘属植物果皮均对α-糖苷酶有一定的抑制作用,且在线性范围内呈现量效关系。网络药理学和分子对接技术预测,得到活性成分柚皮素、桔皮素、月桂酸可能通过氧化应激等途径来抑制高血糖,与炎症中的PI3KAkt、Ras、HIF-1信号通路有关,和血管相关的VEGF信号通路等有关。桔皮素为主成分。结论：柑橘属植物果皮对α-糖苷酶有抑制作用,可能对2型糖尿病有一定的辅助预防的作用。     

柑橘类的功能性成分研究概况

概述了柑橘类的功能性成分,包括类黄酮类、类柠檬苦素类、胡萝卜素类以及其它一些生理活性物质。其中,类黄酮类和类柠檬苦素类是柑橘中的最主要生理活性成分。     

干燥方式对柑橘皮中主要抗氧化成分及其活性的影响

为研究不同干燥方式对柑橘皮中主要抗氧化成分及其抗氧化性能的影响,研究3种不同的干燥方式即热风干燥、变温压差膨化干燥和真空冷冻干燥处理前后柑橘皮中主要代表性抗氧化物质如VC、多酚、黄酮类物质等含量的变化情况,对其抗氧化能力的改变进行评价,并有针对性地采用HPLC法,研究真空冷冻干燥、变温压差膨化干燥、热风干燥处理前后,柑橘皮中黄酮类成分的变化情况。结果表明,在3种不同干燥方式中,真空冷冻干燥对抗氧化活性物质的影响最小;变温压差膨化干燥对新鲜柑橘皮中的多酚成分破坏较小,对Vc及黄酮类成分的保护效果均差于传统的热风干燥。     

4种主要柑橘类香气成分比较

为探明不同柑橘品种果实的香气成分,采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法分别对芦柑、脐橙、砂糖橘和狮头柑4个具有典型气味的柑橘品种果皮中的香气成分进行分析,分别从这4个品种果皮样品中检测出挥发性成分39、37、43种和41种,在芦柑和砂糖橘香气中缺少酯类物质,在脐橙香气中缺少酮类物质,狮头柑香气中包括了烃类、醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类、芳香族化合物和一些其他成分,初步从香气成分种类差异、共有香气成分相对含量差异以及各自特有成分上解释了4种果品的香气区别,从化学角度说明了4个柑橘品种果实香气类型的差异。     

松针提取物对柑橘青霉病菌的抑制作用及活性成分分析

本试验研究了马尾松松针提取物对柑橘青霉病菌意大利青霉的抑制作用及其活性成分。采用孢子萌发的方法测定了马尾松不同溶剂提取物对意大利青霉抑制作用,结果表明马尾松松针提取物的抑菌活性因提取溶剂的极性而异,其强弱顺序依次是乙酸乙酯提取物乙醇提取物二氯甲烷提取物水提取物石油醚提取物;选取乙酸乙酯提取物进行气质联用分析,发现样品中主要包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、β-石竹烯、莰烯、β-荜澄茄油烯等20种化学成分。其中含量最多的α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯抑制柑橘青霉菌的活性最强,是马尾松松针抑制柑橘青霉病菌的主要活性成分;其次为月桂烯;莰烯、罗勒烯、3-蒈烯、β-石竹烯对柑橘青霉病菌的孢子抑制作用最弱。因此,α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯作为安全、高效的熏蒸型柑橘采后抑菌剂具有进一步研究与开发的意义。     

柑橘类水果类黄酮化合物的提取及分析方法研究进展

柑橘类水果, 富含多种天然生物活性成分, 尤以类黄酮化合物含量最高, 对某些慢性疾病有预防和控制作用, 故其较多活性成分已应用于食品行业和医药行业等, 这也是近年来柑橘类水果中类黄酮化合物的提取制备方法和分析方法被许多科研工作者高度关注的原因。本文主要介绍了近年来柑橘类黄酮物质的分离提取方法和定性定量分析方法, 为今后研究和开发柑橘类水果的科研工作者提供一定的参考。     

Recent advances in valorization of citrus fruits processing waste: a way forward towards environmental sustainability

Citrus fruits are well known for their medicinal and therapeutic potential due to the presence of immense bioactive components. With the enormous consumption of citrus juice, citrus processing industries are focused on the production of juice but at the same time, a large amount of waste is produced mainly in the form of peel, seeds, pomace, and wastewater. This waste left after processing leads to environmental pollution and health-related hazards. However, it could be exploited for the recovery of essential oils, pectin, nutraceuticals, macro and micronutrients, ethanol, and biofuel generation. In view of the importance and health benefits of bioactive compounds found in citrus waste, the present review summarizes the recent work done on the citrus fruit waste valorization for recovery of value-added compounds leading to zero wastage. Therefore, instead of calling it waste, these could be a good resource of significant valuable components, in this way encouraging the zero-waste theory.

     

Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Physiological Drop of Citrus Fruits

Abstract: The phytochemical content and the antioxidant activity (AA) of physiological drop of the main citrus species grown in China were investigated. Among the flavonoids, hesperidin was found mostly in mandarin and sweet orange, naringin was found mostly in sour orange, pummelo, grapefruit and a hybrid (Gaocheng), narirutin was found in most varieties, neohesperidin was found in Gaocheng and Huyou, and nobiletin and tangeretin were found in most varieties. Hydroxycinnamic acids were the main phenolic acids present, ferulic acid and caffeic acid were the dominant in most cases. There was a greater amount of free (extractable) than bound (insoluble) phenolic acids. Levels of limonoids were higher in Foyou, Eureka lemon, and Gaocheng than those in the other cultivars. The highest level of synephrine was found in Ponkan and Weizhang Satsuma. AA was highest in Ponkan and Weizhang Satsuma and lowest in Huyou, pummel, and lemon. These results suggest that physiological drop of citrus fruits have good potential as sources of different bioactive compounds and antioxidants. Practical Application: Physiological drop of citrus fruits may be a good resource of bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolic acids, limonoids, synephrine, and a good material of nutraceuticals.     

Citrus phenylpropanoids and defence against pathogens. Part I: Metabolic profiling in elicited fruits

Penicillium spp. are among the major postharvest pathogens of citrus fruit. Induction of natural resistance in fruits constitutes one of the alternatives to chemical fungicides. Here, we investigated the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the induction of resistance in Navelate oranges by examining changes in the metabolic profile of upon eliciting citrus fruits. By using both HPLC-PDA-FD and HPLC-PDA-QTOF–MS allowed the identification of several compounds that seem to be relevant for induced resistance. In elicited fruits, a greater diversity of phenolic compounds was observed in the flavedo (outer coloured part of the peel) when compared to the albedo (inner white part). Moreover, only small changes were detected in the most abundant citrus flavonoids. The coumarin scoparone was among the compounds with the highest induction upon elicitation. Two other highly induced compounds were identified as citrusnin A and drupanin aldehyde. All three compounds are known to exert antimicrobial activity. Our results suggest that phenylpropanoids and their derivatives play an important role in the induction of resistance in citrus fruit.     

Extraction Methods of Citrus Peel Phenolic Compounds

Several extraction methods have been reported in the literature for the extraction of phenols from citrus peel. Extraction methods may cause a degradation of phenolic compounds due to high applied temperature and pressure or long extraction times (conventional solvent extraction, high-pressure extraction). However, other extraction methods are limited by the polarity of phenolic compounds (supercritical CO₂ extraction). Novel techniques of extraction of bioactive compounds have been developed in order to shorten the extraction time, increase the extraction yield, and prevent the degradation of the phenolic compounds. This review provides a critical comparison of the different extraction methods of citrus peel phenolic compounds. The review compiles valuable data that could be useful for the choice of an appropriate extraction method for bioactive compounds from vegetables sources. The main parameters influencing the extraction yield are also discussed.     

柑橘类胡萝卜素累积机制、分析方法及其加工稳定性研究进展

类胡萝卜素是柑橘次生代谢产物,其组成与含量不仅直接决定柑橘果实的外观与色泽,同时影响柑橘果实的营养功能,是评价柑橘品质的重要评价指标。本文综述了近年来柑橘类胡萝卜素的累积机制、分析方法及其加工稳定性研究进展,包括柑橘类胡萝卜素的合成途径及其累积影响因素、柑橘类胡萝卜素组成分析方法以及柑橘类胡萝卜素的加工稳定性等。基于此,本文为后续柑橘类胡萝卜素组成解析及柑橘类胡萝卜素加工稳定性研究提供参考。     

不同成熟期蜜桔中酚酸的组成与分布

酚酸具有多种生理功能,在植物中广泛存在.柑橘可能是膳食酚酸的重要来源.采用HPLC-PDA测定了不同成熟期温州蜜桔中八种酚酸的含量,即绿原酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、芥子酸、原儿茶酸、对羟基苯甲酸和香草酸.结果显示,果肉中酚酸含量随成熟度提高而减少,果皮酚酸含量在半成熟期最高;果皮中酚酸含量大大高于果肉;果皮果肉中都以肉桂酸型酚酸为主,苯甲酸型酚酸含量较少;蜜桔果实中绿原酸和阿魏酸是所测八种酚酸中含量最高的.对柑橘中酚酸组成与分布的研究可望应用于食品营养标识、柑橘品种的识别或加工果汗掺假的识别等.     

柑橘采后生理代谢对胶孢炭疽菌粗毒素的动态响应

目的:探究胶孢炭疽菌毒素对柑橘生理代谢的动态影响,为研究胶孢炭疽菌的致病机理提供理论参考。方法:在有机溶剂浸提法获得胶孢炭疽菌粗毒素的基础上,采用针刺接种法进行毒素的生物测定,分析粗毒素和病原菌对柑橘采后生理代谢(总酚、类黄酮含量;过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase,PAL)、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase,GLU)活性;丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、果皮细胞壁成分含量)的动态影响。结果:胶孢炭疽菌粗毒素能使柑橘果实产生典型的病斑症状,且使MDA含量显著增高,细胞壁成分含量降低。当毒素浓度较低时,果实病斑直径与PPO活性、POD活性、类黄酮以及木质素含量呈正相关;与纤维素、半纤维素和果胶含量呈负相关。毒素浓度增高时,果实机体及防御酶系统遭到破坏,酶活性急剧下降。结论:胶孢炭疽菌粗毒素能影响柑橘果实生理代谢,引起果实发病,最终导致病斑的形成。由此证明毒素在胶孢炭疽菌对柑橘的致病过程中起到重要作用。     

COMPOSITION OF MAJOR FLAVANONE GLYCOSIDES AND ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF THREE CITRUS VARIETIES

This paper reported on the composition of major flavanone glycosides (FGs) and antioxidant capacity of three Chinese citrus varieties during maturity, namely, Ponkan (P; citrus poonensis Hort. ex Tanaka), Satsuma mandarin (S; citrus unshiu Marc.) and Huyou (H; citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Changshanhuyou). The results showed that citrus peel is a rich source of FGs. Total penolics contents (TPC) of methanol extract of P, S and H were determined. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of P, S and H extracts was compared based on vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·), 2, 2 ' -azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS ^·+ ), reducing power and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Phenolic compounds may contribute a lot to TAC of fresh fruits, especially for unripe fruits. The correlations among TPC, DPPH·, ABTS ^·+ , reducing power and FRAP assay were rather high ( P <  0.05).

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Citrus flavonoids are abundant in citrus fruits, especially FGs, such as hesperidin and naringin; and they are attracting more attentions for their biological properties and health benefits. The sun-dried citrus peels ( chenpi ) are usually used in the traditional Chinese medicine for high content of hesperidin. Investigation on the composition of FGs in peel and edible part of citrus fruits during maturity is necessary to establish a database for the future use in health foods and ingredients. Meanwhile, four methods were employed simultaneously to achieve a comprehensive evaluation on the antioxidant capacity of the three citrus varieties. The high antioxidant potential of the three selected citrus varieties made them desirable for dietary prevention of cardiovascular and other diseases.     

蜂胶提取物处理对柑橘诱导抗病性的影响

以柑橘为材料,对蜂胶提取物诱导柑橘抗青霉病的表达时间以及蜂胶提取物处理对柑橘果实抗病性相关物质及酶的影响进行研究。结果显示,蜂胶提取物处理后48h 人工接种意大利青霉,柑橘所表现出的抗病性最强。蜂胶提取物处理增加了柑橘果皮中酚类物质的含量,提高了柑橘果皮中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、几丁质酶(CHT)与诱导抗病性密切相关的酶的活性。这表明蜂胶提取物可增强柑橘果实的防御系统,降低果实贮藏期间的发病率,对柑橘表现出良好的保鲜效果。