Effects of Welding Processes and Post-Weld Aging Treatment on Fatigue Behavior of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy Joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy square butt joints without filler metal addition were fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), electron beam welding (EBW), and friction stir welding (FSW) processes. The fabricated joints were post-weld aged at 175 °C for 12 h. The effect of three welding processes and post-weld aging (PWA) treatment on the fatigue properties is reported. Transverse tensile properties of the welded joints were evaluated. Microstructure analysis was also carried out using optical and electron microscopes. It was found that the post-weld aged FSW joints showed superior fatigue performance compared to EBW and GTAW joints. This was mainly due to the formation of very fine, dynamically recrystallized grains and uniform distribution of fine precipitates in the weld region.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of 12Cr1MoVG Tube Welded Joints With/Without Post-weld Heat Treatment

Small-caliber, thick-wall 12Cr1MoVG seamless steel tube welded joints were fabricated in this study by gas tungsten arc welding and shielded metal arc welding techniques, then the microstructures, mechanical properties, and residual stress distributions of the joints with or without post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) were compared. The welded joints are mainly composed of bcc ferrite (F), Fe₃C, and M₇C₃ carbides. PWHT did not cause an apparent microstructure evolution in the joints, but promoted granular pearlite decomposition and growth of F grains and carbides, therefore decreasing the yield, tensile strength, and hardness while increasing the impact toughness and elongation of the welded joints. PWHT also released the circumferential residual stress and altered the stress state in the joint from tensile to compressive. Although the mechanical properties and bending performance of the small-caliber, thick-wall 12Cr1MoVG seamless welded joints without PWHT are acceptable, our results show that the joints with PWHT are more reliable.     

焊接方法对AA2219铝合金接头性能的影响(英文)

使用钨电极惰性气体保护焊接、电子束焊接和搅拌摩擦焊接技术制备无填充金属的AA2219铝合金对焊接头。研究三种焊接工艺对材料拉伸、疲劳和腐蚀行为的影响。使用光学和电子显微镜研究显微结构。结果表明,与钨电极惰性气体保护焊和电子束焊接相比,搅拌摩擦焊制备的接头具有较高的拉伸和疲劳性能与较低的耐蚀性能,这主要是由于其中的细化晶粒和均匀分布的强化析出相所引起的。     

冷喷涂改善2219铝合金熔焊接头残余应力新方法

目的采用冷喷涂技术改善2219铝合金变极性钨极氩弧焊(VPTIG)焊接接头残余应力。方法采用冷喷涂技术在8 mm厚2219铝合金VPTIG焊接接头表面进行Cu涂层制备,分析冷喷涂前后接头微观组织、力学性能及残余应力的变化,探究冷喷涂过程中高速碰撞颗粒的"喷丸效应"与加热气体的"热效应"对接头残余应力的改善作用及内在机制。结果冷喷涂前后,接头整体的微观组织无明显变化,但在焊缝表面(Cu涂层与焊缝结合面处)观察到明显的塑性变形。冷喷涂后,焊缝区上表面显微硬度提高,作用深度约2 mm(余高处);接头抗拉强度表观上稍有降低,这是由于涂层对焊缝的拉伸应变局部化改变所致,"喷丸效应"与"热效应"单独作用下,接头抗拉强度无明显变化,所有拉伸试样均从焊趾处沿着熔合区发生断裂。焊态接头残余应力分布总体呈拉应力状态,在焊缝处最大,经过冷喷涂后,焊缝残余拉应力峰值从约200MPa降到约24MPa,大部分区域从拉应力变为压应力,且分布均匀性变好。结论冷喷涂技术可以显著改善VPTIG焊接接头残余应力分布。冷喷涂粒子的"喷丸效应"对基体残余应力的改善作用显著。高温气流的"热效应"虽未能显著降低残余应力,但使应力分布变得均匀。     

焊后热处理对AA7075铝合金DP-MIG焊接接头组织及力学性能的影响

采用双脉冲熔化极精性气体保护焊（DP-MIG）工艺方法焊接AA7075-T651铝合金,焊接试板采用固溶处理（480℃×50 min）后水淬,再进行（80℃×24 h）+（120℃×24 h）两级人工时效热处理,通过金相观察、扫描电镜观察、X射线衍射分析、拉伸试验以及硬度测试,研究焊后热处理（PWHT）工艺对焊接接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝区经热处理后,晶粒由枝晶向等轴晶转变,晶界处非平衡第二相溶解,晶界变细,焊缝显微组织特性改善明显;焊接接头经热处理后,抗拉强度由342.5 MPa提高到490 MPa,接头强度系数为0.872,焊缝软化区硬度得到较大改善,焊接接头力学性能有显著提升.     

焊后热处理对输送H_2S介质压力管道维修焊接接头组织性能的影响

采用手工钨极氩弧焊(TIG焊)打底,焊条电弧焊(SMAW)填充、盖面的焊接工艺对输送H_2S介质压力管道(20钢)进行维修焊接,并对其焊接接头进行720～750℃下保温1h的焊后热处理.对热处理前、后焊接接头组织和性能进行分析研究,结果表明:720～750℃×1h热处理使焊缝区与热影响区成针状分布的魏氏组织铁索体晶粒得到细化,并使其呈退化形态;焊缝区、热影响区与母材的显微硬度整体呈下降趋势;焊接接头抗拉强度大幅度提高,断裂均处在远离焊缝的母材上.焊后热处理有效地降低了焊接接头的残余应力,改变了残余应力的分布特征,使其分布趋于"均匀",拉应力大幅度降低.     

电流换向速率对2219铝合金VPTIG焊缝的影响

研究开发了一种适用于铝合金材料的新型超快速变换变极性方波电弧焊接技术,以2219-T87高强铝合金为试验对象,分别采用常规变极性和超快变换变极性TIG电弧焊接工艺,研究了变极性电流的换向速率对焊缝气孔敏感性和接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,提高变极性电流上升沿和下降沿的变化速率,减少电流过零时间,可显著降低2219-T87高强铝合金焊接接头的气孔敏感性,焊缝中气孔数量明显减少甚至消除;由于焊缝熔合区的软化问题,焊接接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率的增加幅度不大,分别提高了8.97%和12.6%.     

Fatigue Performance of Gas Tungsten Arc, Electron Beam, and Laser Beam Welded Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Joints

Titanium alloys have been successfully applied for aerospace, ship, and chemical industries because they possess many good characteristics such as high strength to weight ratio, superior corrosion resistance, and excellent high temperature resistance. Though these alloys show reasonable weldability characteristics, the joint properties are greatly influenced by the welding processes. The evaluation and prediction of fatigue life are very important for the welded joints to avoid catastrophic failure particularly in titanium alloys. This article compares the fatigue performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy fabricated by gas tungsten arc welding, laser beam welding, and electron beam welding processes. The resultant fatigue properties of the welded joints are correlated with the tensile properties and microstructural characteristics. Of the three processes considered the joint welded by laser beam welding exhibits higher fatigue limit when compared with the other two processes due to the presence of fine lamellar microstructure in the weld metal region.     

基于Incoloy800H钨极氩弧焊接头组织及其性能分析

在2 mm厚800H合金钨极氩弧焊试验的基础上,研究焊接接头的微观组织和析出相成分,并分析焊接接头的力学性能和抗晶间腐蚀性能,观察拉伸断口和晶间腐蚀试样的形貌。结果表明:焊缝组织为柱状晶和等轴晶,热影响区晶粒明显长大,焊接接头中有少量的TiN和富Cr相(Fe,Cr)_(23)C_6析出相存在;母材、热影响区和焊缝的HV硬度分别为1730、1526和1590 MPa;室温抗拉强度和延伸率分别为565.0 MPa、31.8%,均超过ASME标准关于800H合金规定值(450.0 MPa和30.0%),拉伸断裂为韧性断裂;焊接接头高温(650℃)抗拉强度和延伸率分别为394.5 MPa、15.5%,其断口是混合型断口;较接头组织,母材腐蚀更为严重,表面晶界开裂并伴有少量且尺寸较小的腐蚀坑,基体中TiN缺陷处易引起点蚀。     

Properties of as welded and heat treated pure titanium–7075 Al–Zn–Mg alloy friction weld joints

Abstract

The effects of joining conditions and an age hardening post­weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 120°C for 24 h on the tensile strength and metallurgical properties of dissimilar friction joints between pure titanium and age strengthened 7075 Al–Zn–Mg alloy were investigated. Highest strength was achieved using intermediate friction pressure (150 MPa), short friction time (0.5 s), and high upsetting (forging) pressure (400 MPa). The joint tensile strength decreased when the joint diameter was increased from 8 to 16 mm. The joint tensile strength of as welded (AW) dissimilar joints was similar to that of PWHT joints with diameters of 8, 12, and 16 mm. Detailed TEM confirmed that there was a negligible difference in the thickness of the intermetallic layer formed at the dissimilar joint interface for AW and PWHT joints. While the intermetallic phases formed at the joint interface comprised Al₃Ti, τ (Ti₂Mg₃Al₁₈), and Al in AW joints, they consisted of Al+τ or Mg₂Al₃+τ+Al in PWHT joints. Softened regions were generated in 7075 base material immediately next to the interface in AW joints. Post­weld heat treatment increased the hardness of the softened region almost to that of as received 7075–T6 base material in 12 and 16 mm diameter joints. In contrast, the hardness of the softened region in 8 mm diameter joints could not be recovered to that of the as received material. This was a result of overaging and coarse precipitates in the softened region produced during the friction welding operation.     

Optimizing friction stir welding parameters to maximize tensile strength of AA2219 aluminum alloy joints

AA2219 aluminium alloy (Al-Cu-Mn alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. In contrast to the fusion welding processes that are routinely used for joining structural aluminium alloys, the friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a non-consumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force etc., and the tool pin profile play a major role in determining the joint strength. An attempt has been made here to develop a mathematical model to predict the tensile strength of friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy by incorporating FSW process parameters. A central composite design with four factors and five levels has been used to minimize the number of experimental conditions. The response surface method (RSM) has been used to develop the model. The developed mathematical model has been optimized using the Hooke and Jeeves search technique to maximize the tensile strength of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminium alloy joints.     

超声功率对2219-T351铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊和不同功率的超声辅助搅拌摩擦焊对2219-T351铝合金进行焊接试验,测量焊接温度和焊接压力,对焊接接头的微观组织、显微硬度和力学性能进行分析,研究了加入不同超声功率后焊缝的组织性能和材料流动性. 结果表明,超声能降低焊接温度,随着超声功率增加减小的幅度越大. 加入了超声后,焊缝微观组织更加均匀,底部材料的流动情况得到改善,焊缝区有更多的强化相残留,焊接接头的显微硬度、抗拉强度及断后伸长率在加入超声后均有提高,在加入2.25 kW的超声功率时达到最高,最高拉伸强度为331 MPa,可达到母材的80%左右.     

2219铝合金双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能分析

采用双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊对2219铝合金板进行了焊接,分析了接头的微观组织和力学性能,探讨了搅拌针回抽速度对接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝平稳段上层试样断裂于前进侧热力影响区,靠近热影响区;平稳段下层试样断裂于焊缝中心的搅拌针端部搅动区;而回抽段焊缝断裂于后退侧热影响区,靠近热力影响区.焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材的70％,断后伸长率为80％以上;当回抽速度为6 mm/min时,断后伸长率最高.硬度最低值位于热力影响区和热影响区交界处.     

22MnB5超高强钢焊接组织与性能

采用钨极氩弧焊方法,实现了22MnB5超高强钢淬火前后同种材料之间的连接,进行了焊接接头拉伸试验和热影响区内显微组织及硬度分布试验,并对焊接前后材料的抗腐蚀性能进行了试验分析.结果表明,淬火处理后22MnB5组织结构从铁素体+珠光体组织转变为马氏体组织,显微硬度与抗拉强度大幅度提高,原始及淬火后材料的焊接接头具有良好的力学性能和组织形貌,焊后焊接接头抗拉强度和硬度略低于原始母材,经淬火处理后的材料焊后抗拉强度达到1179.59 MPa,略低于淬火材料但比原始母材高很多,淬火热处理材料的腐蚀速率略有上升,而焊接后将大幅度增加腐蚀速率,通过比较淬火焊缝钢腐蚀速率最大.     

2219铝合金不同气氛下TIG焊焊接接头组织性能

为研究氦弧TIG焊焊缝质量,对比分析了2219铝合金氦弧TIG焊与氩弧TIG焊焊缝成形及组织性能.结果表明,在背部熔宽相同的条件下,氦弧TIG焊焊缝正面熔宽、下塌量及热影响区宽度均小于氩弧TIG焊,氦弧TIG焊与氩弧TIG焊焊缝的微观组织及第二相组织基本相似,焊缝区晶粒为等轴晶,热影响区晶粒为粗大的板条状,组织为粗大的α铝基体与金属间化合物Al₂Cu及少量的共晶组织,焊缝区的第二相组织明显多于热影响区,无法发挥弥散强化的作用.氦弧TIG焊与氩弧TIG焊焊接接头的断裂方式均为韧性断裂,抗拉强度基本保持一致,氦弧TIG焊焊接接头的断裂总延伸率高于氩弧TIG焊,维氏硬度高于氩弧TIG焊焊缝的硬度.     

激光焊接对SPF/DBTi-6Al-4V合金疲劳性能的影响

研究了SPF/DB Ti-6Al-4V合金及其激光焊接接头静态拉伸性能和疲劳性能,并获得S-N曲线.通过观察组织特征和疲劳断口形貌,分析了激光焊接对SPF/DB Ti-6Al-4V合金疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,SPF/DB T-6Al-4V合金激光焊接接头的抗拉强度略低于母材抗拉强度,而疲劳强度明显低于母材疲劳强度,约为其抗拉强度的40%.SPF/DB Ti-6Al-4V合金组织为α+β等轴细晶组织,其焊接接头组织为含α,针状马氏体α'和少量β相的魏氏组织结构.焊接接头组织结构的不均匀性,以及组织的粗大化是导致激光焊接接头疲劳性能下降的重要原因.SPF/DB Ti-6Al-4V合金疲劳断裂为塑性断裂,其焊接接头疲劳断裂为准解理断裂,这显著降低激光焊接接头的疲劳性能.而焊接气孔等焊缝表层微小几何不连续缺陷的存在往往成为激光焊接接头疲劳断裂的裂纹源.     

Analysis of martensite transformation behaviour in welded joint using low transformation temperature welding wire

Abstract

Low transformation temperature welding (LTTW) wire has been found to improve the fatigue strength in welded joints. In the present study, the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties in a dual phase microstructure of austenite and martensite was estimated using the properties of full austenite and full martensite in numerical analyses. A welding method effective for residual stress reduction and fatigue strength improvement was shown by applying a calculation method under transformation superplasticity and transformation induced plasticity in high strength steel welded joints. With this method, the influence of the welding pass sequence on the residual stress distribution and fatigue strength was examined in a boxing fillet welded joint using LTTW. The transformation tensile residual stress in the weld toe was decreased by sectioned welding, and the fatigue limit by sectioned welding with LTTW improved in comparison with the fatigue limit of a joint welded with conventional wire in the same process.     

Optimizing pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding parameters of AA6061 aluminium alloy using Hooke and Jeeves algorithm

Though the preferred welding process to weld aluminium alloy is frequently constant current gas tungsten arc welding （CCGTAW）, it resulted in grain coarsening at the fusion zone and heat affected zone（HAZ）. Hence, pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding（PCGTAW） was performed, to yield finer fusion zone grains, which leads to higher strength of AA6061 （Al-Mg-Si） aluminium alloy joints. In order to determine the most influential control factors which will yield minimum fusion zone grain size and maximum tensile strength of the joints, the traditional Hooke and Jeeves pattern search method was used. The experiments were carried out based on central composite design with 31 runs and an algorithm was developed to optimize the fusion zone grain size and the tensile strength of pulsed current gas tungsten arc welded AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. The results indicate that the peak current （Ip） and base current （IB） are the most significant parameters, to decide the fusion zone grain size and the tensile strength of the AA6061 aluminum alloy joints.     

聚变堆用CLAM钢激光焊接接头显微组织及性能

对聚变堆用CLAM钢进行了激光焊接试验,并对接头进行740℃/1 h焊后回火处理,分别对热处理前、后接头的显微组织及性能进行了研究.结果表明,获得了成形良好、无缺陷的焊接接头;焊态下,焊缝由淬硬的板条马氏体和大量的δ铁素体组织组成.完全淬火区由板条马氏体和极少量的δ铁素体组成,其硬度高达545 HV;焊后热处理使焊缝及完全淬火区的板条马氏体分别转变为碳化物弥散分布的回火马氏体和回火索氏体组织.显著降低了接头的淬硬程度,最大硬度仅比母材高约15%;焊后回火热处理前、后接头的抗拉强度均高于基体母材,虽然焊后热处理使接头强度有所降低,但仍达到原始母材的98%以上.     

Developing an Empirical Relationship to Predict Tensile Strength of Friction Stir Welded AA2219 Aluminum Alloy

AA2219 aluminum alloy (Al-Cu-Mn alloy) has gathered wide acceptance in the fabrication of lightweight structures requiring a high strength-to-weight ratio and good corrosion resistance. Friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt and recast. This process uses a nonconsumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, etc., and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the joint strength. An attempt has been made to develop an empirical relationship between FSW variables to predict tensile strength of the friction stir welded AA2219 aluminum alloy. To obtain the desired strength, it is essential to have a complete control over the relevant process parameters to maximize the tensile strength on which the quality of a weldment is based. Therefore, it is very important to select and control the welding process parameter for obtaining maximum strength. To achieve this various prediction methods such as response surface method (RSM), analysis of variance (ANOVA), Student’s t-test, coefficient of determination, etc., can be applied to define the desired output variables through developing mathematical models to specify the relationship between the output parameters and input variables. Four factors, five levels central composite design have been used to minimize number of experimental conditions. The developed mathematical relationship can be effectively used to predict the tensile strength of FSW joints of AA2219 aluminum alloy at 95% confidence level.