食源性空肠弯曲菌的分子分型及其遗传多样性分析

为了解在2012~2014年从中国不同城市分离到的食源性空肠弯曲菌的遗传多样性特征,本研究采用多序列位点分型(multilocus sequencing typing,MLST)的方法对分离到的33株食源性空肠弯曲菌进行分子分型。研究中,对33株菌株的管家基因使用7对不同的引物进行PCR扩增,并对扩增的产物使用凝胶电泳鉴定后进行测序。将测序结果同Pub MLST中Campylobacter数据库进行比对,以获得对应菌株ST型,并提交新的ST型数据。利用其MLST数据构建进化树和最小生成树。结果显示33株食源性空肠弯曲菌可以分为27个ST型,其中有14种为新的ST型,可形成11种克隆复合体,优势克隆复合体为CC22和CC45,部分菌株的CC型也曾在临床上发现。共存在91种核苷酸多态性位点,部分等位基因之间存在重组。这表明在2012-2014年间分离得到的菌株具有丰富的遗传多样性,并且有潜在致病风险。     

牛奶源金黄色葡萄球菌血清型、毒力基因及PFGE分型

目的：研究生鲜牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌分离、荚膜多糖血清型分布、毒力基因携带及脉冲场凝胶电泳（pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE）分型情况。方法：从河南省4?个地区奶牛养殖场采集生鲜牛奶样品按照国标法进行分离,扩增耐热核酸酶基因nuc鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,利用聚合酶链式反应方法测定荚膜多糖血清型和毒力基因携带情况,采用PFGE分析菌株间的相关性和遗传关系。结果：从350?份生鲜牛奶样品中分离鉴定到80?株金黄色葡萄球菌,分离率为22.86%。荚膜多糖血清型测定发现,cap5（60%）是流行血清型。从这些阳性菌株中,发现有62?株（77.5%）携带有毒力基因,毒力基因set、hlb、hld、lukED、ebp、clfA和clfB,检出率分别为40.00%、51.25%、57.50%、60.00%、58.75%、57.50%和58.75%。此外,47?株（58.75%）菌携带不少于6?个毒力基因,流行的毒力基因谱型为set-hla-hlb-hld-lukED-cna-ebp-clfA-clfB。PFGE结果显示,获得72?株菌的PFGE图谱,按90%的相似性可分为12?个簇和46?种PFGE型。D簇（3?种PFGE型）、G簇（3?种PFGE型）和J簇（5?种PFGE型）菌株中均检出一定基因类型的毒力基因,表明河南地区生鲜牛奶中金黄色葡萄球菌毒力基因广泛存在于多种PFGE型别中。结论：生鲜牛奶均有一定程度的金黄色葡萄球菌污染,多数菌株携带毒力基因,且毒力基因的类型较为复杂,这对消费这些牛奶的人群构成潜在的健康威胁。PFGE分型菌株主要以克隆形式进行传播,且克隆型具有多样性和差异性,故临床应加强生奶及乳品血清型、毒力基因检测及分子分型研究。     

禽类中沙门氏菌MLST分型及毒力基因筛查

该文以36株沙门氏菌为研究对象,研究北京地区禽类中沙门氏菌基因型及毒力基因。采用全基因组测序、多位点序列测定分型（multilocus sequence typing,MLST）对菌株进行分型,ST11为优势型。鸡源包括ST11、ST13、ST17、ST96、ST241、ST1941、ST26; 鸭源包括 ST19、ST34、ST1546、ST2441 型别。 毒力因子数据库（virulence factors database,VFDB）分析菌株均携带毒力岛SPI1-SPI5代表性基因,66.7%含毒性质粒spvB。胥伐成格隆沙门菌SPI1-SPI5代表性基因如sopE、sptB、mgtC和invA/invF等均为阳性,未携带spvB、pefA、prot6E。沙门氏菌毒力岛基因相对稳定,但基因型的差别对携带毒力基因有一定影响。cdtB、pltA在胥伐成格隆沙门氏菌中均为阳性,推测该菌普遍携带细胞致死膨胀毒素。     

苏州市食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌的全基因组测序分析

目的 应用高通量测序技术分析苏州市食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes, Lm)的毒力基因携带情况、分子分型、遗传进化谱系及遗传进化关系等分子特征。方法 对2016—2020年分离自食品的42株Lm进行全基因组测序,运用CLC Genomics Workbench 21.0.4软件进行组装及毒力基因和耐药基因分析;通过与BIGSdb-Lm数据库比对获得谱系、克隆群(clone complexes,CC)、血清群、多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing,MLST)、核心基因组多位点序列分型(core genome multilocus sequence typing,cgMLST);利用柏熠微生物分析平台v4.0构建最大似然树。结果 42株Lm共包含两个谱系,谱系Ⅰ和谱系Ⅱ,以谱系Ⅱ为主(83.3%)。血清群分为Ⅱ_a、Ⅱ_b和Ⅱ_c,以Ⅱ_a为主(57.1%)。42株Lm分为11个CC型, 11个序列型(sequence type, ST型)...     

温州市单核细胞增生李斯特菌的毒力基因及血清学分型和分子分型研究

目的了解温州市近十年单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株的血清型、毒力基因及分子分型特征。方法用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行血清型及毒力基因检测;用多位点序列分型(MLST)方法对单核细胞增生李斯特菌进行分子分型,并绘制MLST数据的最小生成树。结果 97株单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株分为4种血清型,以血清型1/2b、1/2a为优势血清型,占比分别为48.45%(47/97)、35.05%(34/97);而毒力基因iap、prfA基因阳性率均为100.00%(97/97),hlyA、inlA基因阳性率均为97.94%(95/97),plcB基因阳性率为96.91%(94/97)。其中患者分离株5种毒力基因阳性率均为100.00%(6/6)。97株单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株得到20个MLST型别,其中ST87型是优势型别,其次为ST121和ST9,ST1和ST779型是患者特有的,ST2、ST3、ST5型分布于食品和患者分离株。结论温州市不同来源的单核细胞增生李斯特菌分离株分子型别呈多态性,食品和患者分离株存在相同的ST型,且这些菌株大部分携带毒力基因,具有潜在的致病性,因此食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌污染的潜在风险不容忽视。     

食源性产志贺毒素大肠杆菌的分离及菌株特征分析

了解不同食品中产志贺毒素大肠杆菌的流行情况、菌株特征及潜在致病性。方法 对我国不同地区采集的355份食品样品进行产志贺毒素大肠杆菌分离鉴定,对菌株进行stx1/stx2基因分型、eae等毒力基因检测,并对菌株进行多位点序列分型(MLST)分析。结果 355份样品中44份stx2基因阳性,共分离出11株非O157 产志贺毒素大肠杆菌,其中3株携带stx2a亚型,3株携带stx2e亚型,1株携带stx2b亚型,4株不能分型;5株携带ehxA、saa毒力基因,2株携带subA基因,1株携带katP基因;MLST将11株菌分为7个不同的ST型,存在与溶血性尿毒综合症患者肠出血性大肠杆菌分离株(HUS-associated enterohemorrhagic E.coli,HUSEC)及主要流行血清群产志贺毒素大肠杆菌亲缘关系较近的ST型别。结论 我国食品中存在一定程度的非O157产志贺毒素大肠杆菌污染,部分菌株具有潜在致病性,应加强对食品中STEC的监测。     

上海市食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌MLST分析及毒力基因分布

为了解上海市食源性单核细胞增生李斯特菌亚型和毒力基因的分布情况,于2013年6月至2014年6月在上海市采集各类食品样品,从中分离到86株单核细胞增生李斯特菌,并对其进行多位点序列分型(MLST)及毒力基因检测。MLST分析结果显示:86株单核细胞增生李斯特菌可以分为15个ST型,其中,80.2%(69/86)属于谱系II,其余属于谱系I,未发现谱系III和IV菌株。同时检测了10个毒力基因(prfA,hly,plcA,plcB,actA,clpE,mpl,inlA,inlB和iap),结果发现,这些分离株中10个毒力基因的携带率均为100%。以上结果提示:上海市市售食品中单核细胞增生李斯特菌存在较大的食品安全风险,需加强监测和防控。     

分子生物学技术在一起食物中毒检测中的应用

应用分子生物学技术对一起食物中毒样品进行检测,提高实验室应对食物中毒快速检测和溯源分析能力。方法 应用实时荧光PCR技术对一起食物中毒10份患者粪便和6份可疑食品进行快速检测,并对39份粪便和8份食品进行病原培养分离鉴定,应用PCR技术对分离菌株进行invA毒力基因检测,PFGE及MLST基因分型技术对分离菌株进行同源性分析,并与其他地区菌株进行遗传学差异对比。结果 10份患者粪便和6份可疑食物经实时荧光PCR检测均为沙门菌阳性,从39份粪便和8份食品中共分离到31株肠炎沙门菌。PFGE及MLST分析显示31株菌具同源性,表明食物和患者分离菌株基因型别一致,MLST分型显示本次分离株与其他地区优势克隆有同源性,31株肠炎沙门菌均具有invA毒力基因。结论 实时荧光PCR技术应用于食物中毒病原检测,缩短了病原检测周期,提高了检测的准确性,PFGE及MLST两种基因分型技术可对病原菌进行溯源分析,对于掌握病原菌流行规律具有重要意义。     

一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒分离株的特征分析

目的 分析2017年广州市一起副溶血性弧菌食物中毒分离株的特征。方法 采用血清型鉴定,药敏实验,毒力基因(tdh、trh、tlh)、toxRS/new基因、orf8基因的聚合酶链式反应(PCR)检测,脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)和多位点序列分型(Multilocus sequence typing,MLST)进行分析。结果 14株副溶血性弧菌血清型鉴定为O8∶K21,药敏试验显示14株菌对氨苄西林、甲氧苄氨嘧啶耐药,对头孢曲松、环丙沙星、氯霉素、磺胺甲 口恶噁 唑/甲氧苄啶、磺胺复合物、阿米卡星、萘啶酸、链霉素、四环素、庆大霉素敏感。毒力基因全部为tdh+tlh+trh-,均携带toxRS/new和orf8基因。经PFGE聚类分析,14株判断为高度相关株。经MLST分析,结果全部为ST479型。结论 引起此次食物中毒的病原菌是副溶血性弧菌O8∶K21型,彼此具有共同的遗传特征,携带大流行克隆株的标志性基因,应进一步加强对此类菌株的监测和控制。     

辽宁省婴幼儿食品中肠集聚性大肠埃希菌的病原学特征及耐药谱研究

目的 对2018—2020年辽宁省婴幼儿食品中致泻大肠埃希菌开展持续监测,了解和掌握本省内致泻大肠埃希菌的病原学特征、药物敏感性特征,为本省致泻大肠埃希菌流行病学研究奠定坚实基础,为可能导致的食源性疾病合理用药提供依据。方法 采集辽宁省共208份婴幼儿食品,分离肠杆菌科细菌,并进行16S rRNA基因测序分析与生化鉴定。对鉴定得到的大肠埃希菌进行毒力基因检测,收集分离的肠集聚性大肠埃希菌（EAEC）进一步进行血清学分型和耐药谱研究。结果 16S rRNA基因测序通过对肠杆菌科进行种鉴定,发现与生化结果一致。其中EAEC的检出率较高,且EAEC的毒力基因pic携带率高。毒力基因分型和血清分型具有一致性。共检测出25株EAEC,其中40%菌株（血清型O134:H9）携带毒力基因pic,28%菌株（血清型O3:H2）同时携带毒力基因aggR和astA,16%菌株（血清型O9:H6）携带毒力基因aggR,16%菌株（血清型O62:H7）携带毒力基因astA。78株大肠埃希菌中EAEC毒力基因的携带率为32.1%。25株EAEC为多重耐药株,主要对β内酰胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、四环素类抗菌药...     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.