电磁轨道炮电枢的运动特性研究

为了快速有效地实现电磁轨道炮的反导,对其固体电枢电磁阻力与空气阻力角度等运动进行研究。在基于麦克斯韦理论的基础上,分析了电枢在炮管内的力学特性。通过理论仿真计算分别对电枢的电磁阻力及空气阻力进行了分析,比较了截面及摩擦因素对出口动能的影响,得到了最优方案,并提出了改进电枢发射的措施。研究结果表明：低速段摩擦力大于空气阻力,而高速段空气阻力对发射影响较大。     

电磁轨道发射器数值模拟与速度测量

为研究电磁轨道发射器电磁场、温度场特性并且预测发射器性能,建立电磁轨道发射器计算模型,针对矩形电枢普通发射器、C形电枢普通发射器和增强型发射器,采用有限元方法进行求解得到电磁场、温度场和电枢运动过程,并讨论了电枢快速运动产生的速度趋肤效应和发射器结构对磁通密度、电流密度、温度和出口速度的影响。使用增强型电磁轨道发射器进行发射试验,利用高速相机测量电枢出口速度,与数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了计算模型的准确性。     

复合型电磁轨道的多物理场耦合分析

电磁轨道炮在发射时,轨道和电枢均处在强电磁场中,电枢和轨道局部处在高温和高压力作用下,且各物理场间相互耦合作用。分析轨道在耦合场作用下的温度分布和应力分布是十分重要的。在分析了电磁轨道炮发射状态下的电磁场、温度场和机械场的多物理场条件的基础上,给出了相应的控制方程,建立了铜基复合型轨道在发射状态下的电磁、热、机的耦合场的三维计算模型,计算了发射状态下复合轨道的电流密度分布、温度场和应力场,分析了轨道基层、轨道复合层以及电枢温度分布的特征,讨论了影响轨道内侧表面应力分布的因素。     

尾推式固体电枢的应力评估方法研究

电枢作为电磁轨道炮用弹丸核心部件之一,对其进行设计与改进一直在电磁轨道炮工程化研制中占据重要位置,其中应力评估是其设计的关键环节。基于电枢的负载要求和膛内不同时刻的工作状态,形成了电枢载荷及约束的加载方法,对所加载的载荷进行了参数化处理;依据轨道炮发射原理及发射试验结果对关键参数进行分析,根据分析结果对膛内工况进行了进一步假设及细化,建立了基于有限元方法的尾推式固体电枢应力评估方法;并以某型尾推式电枢为例进行了电枢应力的示范性计算。     

不同几何结构的C型电枢的有限元分析

根据麦克斯韦方程,对固体电枢电磁发射的过程进行了研究,对电枢在静态模型下的电磁发射进行了模拟。基于ANSYS建立了固体C型电枢电磁性能的有限元分析模型,对几种改进C型电枢进行了仿真计算,仿真结果显示了固体电枢内部磁感强度、电流密度和温度分布,并研究了电枢几何结构参数改变对电磁性能的影响。研究工作为改进电枢设计,减小电枢烧蚀提供了理论依据。     

轨道与电枢间运动电磁场分布的数值计算

为探讨电磁发射过程中轨道和电枢间电流分布情况,根据Maxwell方程推导出电磁场参数与速度之间的关系,建立了直角坐标系下的电磁场对流扩散方程,采用算子分裂格式对对流扩散方程中对流项和扩散项进行分解,分别对抛物型和双曲型方程采用有限差分法进行求解。计算过程表明算子分裂格式能有效求解电磁场对流扩散方程,算法稳定,收敛性好。结合实例的计算结果显示,当电枢高速运动时,在轨道和电枢局部区域的电流密度极大,容易造成轨道材料的烧蚀。     

不同结构形状电枢在电磁轨道发射状态下的应力分析

电磁轨道炮工作时,轨道通入电流,在轨道间形成磁场并在电枢上产生强大的推动力,使电枢沿轨道加速运动.通过应用电流元简化模型的方法,计算电枢上的磁场分布,进而计算电枢所受的电磁力.在此基础上利用数值分析方法分析了3种不同形状电枢的电磁轨道发射过程,研究了电枢的形状、结构尺寸对电枢的应力状态的影响,给出变化规律.研究结果可为电枢设计提供依据.     

块状固体电枢非稳态电磁效应的三维数值模拟

建立了电磁导轨炮块状电枢三维非稳态电磁扩散效应计算模型,运用有限差分法耦合计算了电磁场与温度场,得到了导轨及电枢内部磁感强度、电流密度和温度分布.数值计算结果表明,电枢运动会引起电流趋向表面流动并在电枢尾部与轨道接触面上趋于集中,使电枢尾部焦耳热剧增并导致高温烧蚀.与二维模型相比,三维模型能更加真实地反映电磁导轨炮发射过程中导轨和电枢中的物理现象,对理论和试验研究有指导作用.     

电磁轨道炮瞬态磁场测量与数值模拟

为研究电磁轨道炮的磁场特性,建立三维瞬态电磁场计算模型,采用时域有限元/边界元耦合方法进行求解,获得了电枢的膛内运动过程,以及电流密度和磁通密度的时空分布,讨论电枢与轨道间的滑动电接触在电流扩散过程中产生的速度趋肤效应。在发射实验中,用B探针测量电枢运动及磁场,分析了发射过程中的瞬态磁场变化特点,与数值模拟结果进行对比,验证了电磁轨道炮三维瞬态电磁场计算模型的有效性。     

基于非等间隔GM(1,1)模型的固体电枢初速预测

为研究小口径固体电枢电磁轨道发射过程中固体电枢初速的精度和稳定性,采用数据光滑处理和背景值积分构造相结合的方法对经典非等间隔GM(1,1)模型进行了改进,在对实验数据拟合和预测的基础上实现了固体电枢初速的初步预测分析。分析结果表明,在其它参数不变的条件下,对电枢直径的合理调整可以有效地提高固体电枢初速的一致性,在一定程序上有助于提高电磁轨道发射的稳定性。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.     

A Study on the Estimation of Aeroheating upon the Warhead Nose at Supersonic Speed

An expression for estimating the aeroheating on a warhead nose at different supersonic speeds is proposed by incorporating CFD （computational fluid dynamics） and the least-square method. Compared with the traditional estimation formula, the expression is more accurate, convenient and can be used in the optimized design of warheads. The error from the result obtained in the test of a ball cartridge flight is less than 3 %. It satisfies the engineering requirements.