Ti55粉末合金的拉伸性能和薄壁筒体结构的成型

采用包套热等静压工艺制备了洁净Ti55粉末合金。根据Ti55预合金粉末的β转变温度选择了两个热等静压成型温度,分析了Ti55粉末合金对热等静压温度和后续的热处理制度的响应。结果表明:在940℃和970℃热等静压成型的粉末合金,其显微组织和拉伸性能的差别不大。考虑到在构件热等静压成型过程中存在温度/压力场分布不均匀引起的致密化波动效应,本文优选的热等静压温度为940℃。固溶时效热处理使粉末合金600℃的拉伸性能显著提高,其拉伸性能优于铸造合金,接近锻造合金的水平。有限元模拟仿真可辅助包套/模具设计,提高效率,是粉末冶金近净成型构件制备的有效计算仿真工具。应用有限元仿真辅助包套模具设计,采用热等静压工艺成型了Ti55粉末冶金薄壁筒体结构。     

高温合金粉末在包套装粉过程中的机理研究

高温合金粉末在进行热等静压前须装粉于包套中，并经过振实、加热、除气和封焊等过程。粉末的振实过程直接影响粉末在包套中的振实密度以及分布，进而影响热等静压后包套的成形形状。因此粉末的振实是热等静压包套形状控制的重要前提，该文以高温合金粉末为对象，研究其在装入包套的振实过程中的机理，分析粉末在装粉振实时，其处于圆形饼状包套中的分布和运动规律，探究粉末在钢包套中的装粉密度对其热等静压成形的影响，经过研究发现，在装粉振实过程中，振幅、振动频率以及包套形状对粉末振实密度的增加和分布有关键的影响。     

粉末冶金Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B合金的制备及力学性能影响因素

采用无坩埚感应熔炼超声气体雾化法制备了名义成分为Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B(%,原子分数)的预合金粉末,并对预合金粉末进行了表征。比较了两种不同预处理制度下粉末γ-Ti Al合金的室温拉伸塑性和高温持久寿命。结果表明,真空除气预处理能减小粉末γ-Ti Al合金中孔隙缺陷的尺寸及数量从而使粉末γ-Ti Al合金的室温塑性稳定性和高温持久寿命提高。为了分析包套材料对粉末γ-Ti Al合金组织与力学性能的影响,选择低碳钢和商业纯钛(CP-Ti)作为包套材料。结果表明,在1260oC热等静压条件下低碳钢包套与γ-Ti Al合金发生显著的反应扩散,形成的孔隙缺陷恶化了材料的力学性能。在1230oC热等静压条件下CP-Ti对热等静压压力屏蔽作用比低碳钢小,CP-Ti/γ-Ti Al压坯更易发生充分的塑性变形,粉末γ-Ti Al合金强度更高。粉末γ-Ti Al合金无织构,晶粒细小,组织均匀,拉伸性能优于铸造γ-Ti Al合金。     

颗粒增强铝基复合材料热等静压近净成形有限元模拟

目的 建立可靠的模拟方法,以更高效地预测颗粒增强铝基复合材料(PRAMC)粉末热等静压中的形状变化和不同部位致密度的差异,解决传统实验试错方法适用性差且费时费力的问题,满足批量应用的需求。方法 以45%(体积分数)SiCp/6092Al复合材料为研究对象,构建了能预测粉末热等静压成形过程的有限元模型。使用Gurson-Tvergard-Needleman(GTN)模型作为粉末本构模型,建立了粉末尺度的代表性体积单元(RVE)对GTN模型进行修正。结果 通过对比GTN模型计算结果与实验结果,发现修正后的GTN模型能更准确地预测模型的最终变形尺寸,与修正前相比,相对误差降低了1.6%~2.9%。使用修正后的GTN模型对杯形回转体零件的热等静压成形过程进行预测,最终形状的计算结果与实验结果的相对误差仅为0.2%~3.1%,致密度分布的相对误差在0.5%以内。在探究包套厚度对热等静压过程的影响时发现,随着包套厚度的增大,热等静压过程中的屏蔽作用增强,内部粉体致密度下降。结论 为PRAMC热等静压近终形制备的形状和致密度控制问题提供了有限元预测工具,辅助优化了热等静压工艺和包套设计,降低了颗粒增强铝基复合材料热等静压近净成形过程开发的试错成本。     

粉末冶金Ti_2AlNb合金的制备及持久寿命

采用无坩埚感应熔炼超声气体雾化法制备了成分为Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Mo(原子分数,%)的预合金粉末,通过包套热等静压工艺制备了粉末Ti2AlNb合金。研究结果显示热等静压温度显著影响粉末Ti2AlNb合金的冶金质量,需严格控制。对制备的粉末合金进行了热处理,分析了热处理制度对粉末Ti2AlNb合金相组成、显微组织、拉伸及高温持久寿命的影响,优选了粉末Ti2AlNb合金的热处理工艺。粉末Ti2AlNb合金高温持久寿命受多方面因素协同影响;时效温度较低时(800-850℃),随着时效温度的升高,次生O相板条宽度和长度增加、α2相体积分数减少,协同作用的结果是持久寿命增加;时效温度较高(850-900℃)时,次生O相尺寸、α2相体积分数变化不显著,B2相体积分数增加及α2相尺寸的增大对持久寿命的提高起了关键作用。     

热等静压温度和粉末粒度对Ti2AlNb合金组织与性能的影响

采用无坩埚感应熔炼超声气体雾化法制备了成分为Ti-22Al-24Nb-0.5Mo(原子分数, %)的预合金粉末,通过预合金粉末热等静压工艺制备了Ti₂AlNb粉末冶金合金。研究结果表明,热等静压温度显著影响Ti₂AlNb粉末冶金合金的显微组织,需严格控制。为了对比研究,选取了平均粒度分别为70 μm和200 μm的两种Ti₂AlNb预合金粉末,制备坯料并测试性能,探讨了粉末粒度的选取原则,分析了粉末粒度对Ti₂AlNb粉末冶金合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,粉末粒度对合金室温拉伸强度无显著影响,但会对高温拉伸强度和高温持久寿命产生显著影响,由粗粉(平均粒度200 μm)制成的合金高温持久寿命较细粉(平均粒度70 μm)的降低大约40%。     

SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料残余应力的数值模拟

采用有限元模拟方法研究了SiC纤维和SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的制备过程,用正交实验分析技术计算了不同参数对SiC纤维残余应力和复合材料致密度及残余应力的影响规律。结果表明,对于SiC纤维的制备过程,降低沉积温度和C涂层厚度则WC反应层中的轴向热应力降低。对于复合材料的热等静压过程,热等静压温度和包套厚度对复合材料致密度的影响较大,热等静压时间和纤维体积分数对致密度的影响较小,随着热等静压温度的升高和包套厚度的降低复合材料的致密度提高;适当提高热等静压温度和纤维体积分数、降低包套厚度能大大增大基体的径向残余应力和适当提高热等静压温度和包套厚度、降低热等静压时间,能大大降低基体的环向残余应力。建议热等静压温度为950-960℃,热等静压时间为9 h,包套的厚度为70-80 mm,纤维的体积分数为45%-50%。SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料残余应力模拟结果与用拉曼光谱法测试的数值有一定的不同,但是其变化趋势相近。     

热等静压工艺对铝合金激光焊接T型接头组织及缺陷的影响

以3.3mm厚6A02铝合金板材为试验材料,对热等静压处理前后铝合金激光焊接T型接头的组织及气孔缺陷进行了分析。结果表明:热等静压前6A02铝合金板母材显微组织为Mg2Si等强化相固溶于α(Al)基体中,焊缝显微组织为树枝晶,存在明显的气孔缺陷;合理地选择热等静压工艺,可有效消除接头的焊后气孔缺陷,并提高母材的显微硬度,降低焊缝中心的显微硬度;而过高的热等静压压力和温度会使接头出现过烧组织,大幅度降低其显微硬度。     

铟锡氧化物陶瓷靶材热等静压致密化研究

用化学共常常法制备了铟锡氧化物（ＩＴＯ）复合粉末。粉末经冷等静压成型后进行热等静压致密化。热等静压时采用碳钢作包套,采用铜箔作隔层,实验研究了热等静压工艺参数－保温温度、保压压力和保温时间对ＩＴＯ陶瓷靶材致密化的影响。实验结果表明：靶材的相对密度在大约１０００℃处有一峰值;相对密度随压力增加而增加;当保温温度较低时,适当处长保温时间有利于提高密度;当保温温度较高时,延长保温时间反而使密度降低,分析     

热等静压温度对第三代单晶高温合金DD10组织的影响

采用OM,SEM以及EPMA等手段对比研究了不同热等静压温度对第三代单晶高温合金DD10组织的影响。结果表明:在150MPa压力条件下,1290℃热等静压即可使第三代单晶高温合金DD10中的显微疏松完全闭合;随热等静压温度的升高,共晶体积分数逐渐减少,热等静压温度达到1310℃及以上温度,共晶完全溶于基体。在1340℃/150MPa热等静压后,合金中出现局部初熔。热等静压后DD10单晶高温合金的γ′相立方度提高,不同热等静压温度对γ′相的形貌影响基本相同。热等静压降低了DD10单晶高温合金的枝晶偏析,并且热等静压温度越高,枝晶偏析改善越明显。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.