供应商管理库存的供应链管理绩效模型

使用多目标规划的方法描述了供应链及其成员的运作性能、供应链的协调运作、供应链成员的利润等,建立了由一个制造商和一个供应商构成的多产品、多阶段供应商管理库存的供应链管理绩效模型;通过应用算例的研究验证了模型的有效性和可行性;并与未实行供应商管理库存的供应链管理绩效模型进行比较,验证了供应商管理库存能够提高供应链的绩效.     

产业集群下的供应链Credit期权采购及延迟支付策略

针对在产业集群背景下,供应链网络内中小企业采购方式是一种非传统的、随机延迟支付的信任采购模式.在单供应商—单采购商采购模式的基础上,建立了产业集群下多供应商—多采购商分散式供应链采购模型;在模型中通过对生产周期和供应周期的调整,并引入Credit期权,以保证上下游多供应商—多采购商之间的协调,设计出集群供应链多供应商—多采购商Credit期权联合采购模型,以及相应的基于信任延期支付方式,并提出了利润分配协调机制.最后,通过算例分析了集群供应链Credit期权联合采购模型和基于信任延期支付的有效性,特别是根据双方议价能力分配所得利润,能达到Pareto最优,且模型设计不需要采购商提供任何成本信息.     

基于VMI的供应链协调模型应用研究

以一个制造商和一个供应商构成的多产品、多阶段供应链为背景,使用多目标规划的方法构造了生产原料平衡、制造商利润和供应商利润等目标函数及其约束条件,建立了供应商管理制造商生产原料库存的供应链协调模型.为验证模型的有效性和可行性,设计了一个应用算例.算例的分析表明:基于VMI的供应链协调模型能够保证各阶段供应商的交付量等于制造商的订购量,使制造商的利润提高,但供应商因实施VMI利润降低了.最后,通过对产品市场价格、原材料价格、生产能力、市场容量等参数的灵敏度分析,找出了供应链各参量的变化规律.     

基于风险规避的供应链突发事件管理

研究由一个零售商和一个风险规避的供应商组成的供应链,考虑在该供应链中,当供应商可能发生突发事件的情况下,使用罚金合同协调该供应链的问题.建立了两阶段模型,研究发现,供应商应支付的最优罚金数量是零售商的订单拖欠成本和供应链恢复所需时间的乘积;存在罚金合同时,供应商的恢复时间将减小,而预防措施将增加;另外相对于风险中性的供应商,风险规避的供应商采取的预防措施将会更加充分.     

存货影响销售量的两阶段供应链的VMI协调

研究在VMI环境下存货影响销售量的单供应商、单零售商的两阶段供应链的协调问题。建立了集中决策下的供应链模型,求出了整体供应链的利润函数;在分散决策下,采用收益共享契约对供应链进行协调,按Stackelberg博弈方式进行建模分析,发现收益共享契约无法协调供应链,即在利益分配上,与供应商相比,零售商获得了更多的供应链收益,而且分散式系统的收益始终低于集中决策下的水平;采用Nash协商对VMI供应链进行协调,完成了供应商和零售商收益的帕累托改进,不仅实现供应链的协调,而且达到了集中决策下的水平,最后通过算例进行了验证。     

面向零售商的供应链联盟合作伙伴选择研究

处于供应链末端的零售商在现代供应链中扮演着服务中心、信息搜集中心和预警中心的角色,满足了零售商的需求就意味着在很大程度上满足了市场需求.本文以零售商满意为切入点,以制造型企业作为供应链的核心企业来考虑供应链联盟合作伙伴的选择,在分析了供应商和分销商的不同特性之后为供应链上下游备选合作伙伴建立了不同的评价指标.文中采用传统的数据包络方法评价供应商的相对有效性,并以此为依据粗选上层供应商.对下层分销商采用作业成本法结合网络数据包络的方法展开相对有效性分析粗选分销商.在完成上下游合作伙伴的粗选之后,以零售商满意度最大化为目标建立了供应链联盟伙伴选择模型,据此选择出最理想的供应链联盟伙伴的组合.     

基于“TOPSIS／DEA／AHP”模型的战略性供应商选择

研究了供应链环境下战略性供应商选择的问题.通过分析和总结供应商评价选择的准则、指标和方法,以供应链核心企业选择战略性供应商为目标,提出了战略性供应商评价的指标体系,利用整体DEA有效模型来反映供应商的绩效,利用AHP反映供应链核心企业选择供应商的主观愿望,从而构建了TOPSIS与整体DEA有效相结合的"TOPSIS/DEA/AHP"战略性供应商评价选择模型,并通过实证分析,证实了该模型及方法的可行性.     

价格不确定供应链的多目标运作鲁棒模型

建立了由一个制造商和一个供应商构成的多产品、多阶段供应链在原材料和最终产品的市场价格均不确定情况下运作的鲁棒模型.采用区间不确定性描述价格的不确定性.供应链的运作模型为一个多目标规划问题,满足诸如供应链协调运作、所有供应链成员的目标利润尽可能最大、对应于不确定供求价格的决策的鲁棒性等多个相互冲突的目标.数值算例的结果表明,一定范围内的市场价格波动不改变供应链的运作策略,仅对其运作性能产生一定影响,即所提出的模型是鲁棒的.     

考虑关系质量的供应链网络优化设计研究

供应链网络优化设计是应对不确定性环境的一种重要途径。针对不确定环境下,供应链关系质量愈加重要的现象,构建了考虑供应链关系质量的网络优化设计模型。该模型以多层网状供应链系统为研究对象,以供应商—制造商关系质量、设施选址、能力规划、供应商选择为优化内容,以供应链成本最低为优化目标。数值算例运算结果显示:企业会选择与绩效高的供应商建立合作伙伴关系,这样不仅供应链关系质量维持成本可以达到最低,而且供应链总成本也可以达到最低,进一步验证了模型的有效性和可行性。     

资金约束下基于零售商竞争的融资模式对比研究

以单供应商与多个零售商的供应链为研究背景,供应商是供应链上的核心企业,而零售商面临着资金约束,与供应商签订收益共享契约。供应商为中小企业提供两种融资方式：保兑仓融资和延迟支付融资。本文研究两种融资对供应链绩效以及供应链各方的影响,构建单供应商和多零售商的Stackelberg博弈模型,发现保兑仓融资模式能增加零售商的订货量,这两种融资模式在分散型供应链下,供应商都可以设置合适的收益分配系数和批发价格实现在集中型供应链下的协调,并能够保证供应商利润最大化。     

厂商制造伪劣商品原因及对策浅析

本文通过对厂商制造伪劣商品现象的透析,假设厂商具有单一的追求利润的目标函数,提出厂商收益函数,分析厂商选择制造伪劣商品的经济学本质,并得出如下结论:市场信息不流畅造成的买方卖方信息不对称,交易成本过高,地方政府的地方保护主义,以及消费者在一定程度上处于弱势地位都是某些厂商选择制造伪劣商品的重要原因。     

评价供应商的DEA方法

以制造业中采购管理为背景，讨论了供应商的评价准则，应用数据包络分析方法解决了供应商的评价问题，并在采购者对供应商有不同要求的情况下，为供应商选择问题提供了有效的技术经济分析方法。     

Vendor selection in a modified re-buy situation using a strategy-aligned fuzzy approach

The supplier/vendor selection is a decision-making problem at the strategic management level that involves a semi-structured process. The majority of the existing approaches obtained their optimal solutions without considering their fits with the strategy of the firm. This study utilizes the supplier positioning matrix, modified from the product-process change matrix, to link the capability of suppliers with the requirements of the customers to identify the strategy-aligned criteria for vendor selection in a modified re-buy situation. A fuzzy factor rating system is then used to evaluate the potential vendors based on the type of components required by the customers. In addition, in the proposed model, the final decision-maker is given the authority to synthesize the scores of individual alternatives based on the risks of individual vendors to accommodate the differences among the vendors to the specific environment. An empirical case study is performed to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system and to identify the best potential vendor(s) for further negotiation and development. The results of the case study also provide interesting managerial implications.     

An Objective-Oriented Rating System of Vendor Quality Performance

This article establishes a rating system for vendor's performance from the orientation of customer satisfaction by objective-orientation driving. Its purpose is to provide a methodology of “how to integrate the capability between vendor and manufacturer and to apply different strategies under the needs of quality improvement.”

The study is undertaken to specify the interaction and the mutual movement among the three groups in the supply chain “Vendor-Manufacturer-Customer” and to integrate the results of four factors: incoming inspection, performance of line reject, service quality of vendor, and product reliability. It tries to transform these factors into measurable, quantitative, just-in-time (JIT) parameters that are utilized in the planning and establishment of this rating system of vendor's performance. The concept of objective orientation is adopted in the “performance” calculations.

We obtain a very satisfactory completeness, flexibility, effectiveness, and sensitivity of parameters-to-model from the results of simulation and demonstration. The multi-parameters rating system of this study can be very beneficial to manufacturers in selecting the best vendor and in driving quality improvements.     

Vendor selection problem: a multi-criteria approach based on strategic decisions

Many factors in the current scenario have influenced manufacturing organisations to have a competitive edge by concentrating on entire supply chains. Sourcing decisions are one of the strategic decisions because they enable companies to reduce costs and improve profit figures. The main task in sourcing is vendor selection. Recent challenges such as shortened product life cycle, just-in-time environment, and the importance of strategic partnerships in upstream chains always influence companies to prioritise vendor selection. In addition, outsourced parts and components account for a significant contribution in the cost of finished goods. Thus evaluating and selecting the right vendor is the key to business. Vendors are selected merely on the basis of cost factors in the traditional approach. However, companies eventually have understood that their approach which emphasises costs as the sole criterion is inefficient and needs to be changed. To deal with the complex process of vendor evaluation, multiple criteria decision-making techniques have evolved. This study presents the integrated approach of multiple multi criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques such as fuzzy logic, strength-weakness-opportunity-threat (SWOT) analysis, and data envelopment analysis. The efficacy of the proposed approach is evident from the case study of an automotive component manufacturer involving 20 vendors, comprising of pre-qualification by fuzzy SWOT and final selection by DEA.     

Development of optical coatings for 157-nm lithography. II. Reflectance,absorption, and scatter measurement

The total loss that can be suffered by an antireflection (AR) coating consists of reflectance loss, absorption loss, and scatter loss. To separate these losses we developed a calorimetric absorption measurement apparatus and an ellipsoidal Coblentz hemisphere based scatterometer for 157-nm optics. Reflectance, absorption, and scatter of AR coatings were measured with these apparatuses. The AR coating samples were supplied by Japanese vendors. Each AR coating as supplied was coated with the vendor's coating design by that vendor's coating process. Our measurement apparatuses, methods, and results for these AR coatings are presented here.     

The link between vendor certification and growth in IT outsourcing: a tale of two stories†

There has been a great deal of ambiguity and complexity in the relationship between vendor certification and vendor growth in the outsourcing context. In this study, the authors build a competitive mediation model, where they examine both the direct and the indirect effects of vendor certification on vendor growth. Using a combination of primary data (i.e. survey) and secondary data from a sample of 120 IT vendors in India, they find that vendor certification directly helps with vendor growth but it hurts vendor innovation and therefore indirectly hinders vendor growth. They further explore the moderating role of the number of major clients. Results demonstrate that an increase in the number of major clients does not moderate the positive relationship between certification and growth; however, it weakens the negative relationship between certification and innovation. Therefore, a large client base seems to attenuate the dark side of certification in organisational innovation activities.     

Dynamic routing in distinguishable parallel queues: an application of product returns for remanufacturing

This paper deals with the dynamic routing of product returns in distinguishable parallel queues. Several vendors alongside an original equipment manufacturer are available in provision of remanufacturing service. Each has its own queue. The stream of the product returns follow a stochastic process. A central controller is employed to decide to which vendor an incoming product is sent to avoid excessive queues in front of some vendors and idle servers in the others. We develop models and index-based heuristics to support the dynamic routing decisions so as to minimize the overall recovering costs. The product concerned exemplifies a short-life cycle due to, for example, technology advance. Long delay during the remanufacturing process will render a substantial deterioration of reselling prices. Hence, in the paper we contend that the cost incurred for remanufacturing a product should take explicit account of the impact of long delays in the lead time. Both theoretical and simulation studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the Restless Bandit approach deployed to the dynamic routing of product returns among multiple vendors.     

Multiproduct vendor selection with volume discounts as the fuzzy multi-objective programming problem

Vendor selection in supply chain is a multi-criteria problem that involves a number of quantitative and qualitative factors. This paper deals with a concrete problem of flour purchase by a company that manufactures bakery products. The selection process is driven by the price, reliability and quality objectives of the buyer and is subject to the capacity constraints of the vendors in the situation where all suppliers offer several kinds of flour (multiproduct situation). Vendors often offer quantity discounts, i.e. the purchasing price of flour depends on the quantity ordered. The multiproduct situation complicates the mathematical formulation of the problem and in this context it is much more convenient to consider the discounts of the money volume of business with every vendor. This problem has been solved using an integration of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), weighted sum model (WSM) and fuzzy multi-objective mixed-integer programming to define the optimum quantities among the selected suppliers.     

考虑满意度交互的IT服务外包匹配决策方法

IT服务外包的发展为企业和服务提供商提供了全新的运营模式与平台。针对IT服务外包中发包商与提供商的匹配问题特点,提出了一种基于多指标语言交互评价信息的匹配决策方法。根据发包商与提供商双方互评的满意度评价指标体系,针对IT外包互动匹配测评指标的特点,给出了基于二元语义信息处理的IT外包互动匹配测评方法,并建立了发包商与提供商互动匹配的矩阵模型,通过该模型可分析两者的匹配程度并针对不同区域给出决策分析。最后通过BSI公司的实例分析说明了所给方法的实用性和有效性。