空气源热泵与水环热泵冬季联合供热运行节能性分析

水环热泵系统作为节能型空调系统的一种形式,近年在中国得到较多应用。对于近年有些工程提出了采用空气源热泵作为热源与水环热泵联合供暖的方式,本文依据生产厂家提供的技术参数,拟合出空气源热泵和水环热泵的COP性能曲线,对两种热泵联合运行供热时的系统性能系数COP进行了理论分析并用Maple软件进行模拟计算,得出联合运行系统与单独采用空气源热泵系统相比并不节能的结论。     

邯郸地区某空气源热泵供暖系统运行性能分析

为提高空气源热泵供热系统的实际运行性能,在2019—2020 年供暖季对邯郸地区某老旧小区空气源热泵供热系统进行了现场测试,根据室外空气温湿度、系统供回水温度及流量、耗电量的实测数据和变水温运行调节方式,对系统长期运行性能进行了分析,对比了4 种工况条件下的系统运行特性。测试分析结果表明：对于整个供暖期的能耗而言,分阶段变水温调节有利于促进空气源热泵节能运行。邯郸地区冬季室外相对湿度较高,容易导致空气源热泵运行效果不佳、供热量不足。此时在分阶段变水温调节的基础上采用分时段变水温调节,有利于改善系统运行效果,供暖期第Ⅱ阶段的COP′由1.63提高至第Ⅲ阶段的1.76,提高了8%。     

严寒地区空气源热泵供暖运行性能研究

基于TRNSYS软件建立空气源热泵供暖系统仿真模型,模拟空气源热泵供暖运行性能,对比分析不同供水流量、不同月份以及3个典型供暖日下的系统COP。研究结果表明:室内温度及系统COP随室外温度的升高而升高,系统耗电量随室外温度的升高而降低;当室外温度恒定时,室内温度和系统耗电量随供水流量的增大而增大,但系统COP随供水流量的增大而降低;供暖期开始和结束时,空气源热泵运行性能稳定、满足供暖热舒适需求,供暖期室外温度最低时不宜单独使用空气源热泵。研究结果可为空气源热泵供暖系统在包头地区的应用提供指导。     

三重回路空气源热泵热回收系统的热力性能分析

为了提高大温差工况下空气源热泵系统的性能,本文提出一种三重回路空气源热泵系统的方案,并以回收建筑空调排风能量为基础,搭建了三重回路系统性能测试平台,实验测试了单回路与三重回路热泵系统在冬、夏季不同室外温度工况下的性能。结果表明:无论冬、夏季工况,三重回路系统在各工况下的整体性能均明显高于单回路系统,且随室内外温差的增大,三重回路系统可明显改善传统空气源热泵存在的压比过大、系统性能急剧降低等问题。冬季工况下,三重回路系统COP增长率可达1.88,室内外温差为40℃时,三重回路比单回路COP提高54.8%;夏季工况下,三重回路COP增长率可达89.8%,室内外温差为13℃时,三重回路比单回路COP提高74.6%。     

太阳能-空气复合热源热泵系统仿真分析

为保证复合热源热泵系统在复杂工况下的稳定运行和进一步优化系统各组件之间合理、高效的能量匹配,本文设计并搭建了基于微热管阵列的太阳能-空气复合热源热泵系统,采用集中参数法建立系统数学模型,分别从系统的发电效率、集热效率、制热功率和性能系数(COP)4个方面基于实验数据进行模型验证与分析,利用控制变量法研究了太阳辐照度和环境温度等参数对热泵系统在光伏/光热-水&空气源热泵运行模式下系统性能的影响,并对其运行特性进行综合评价。结果表明：所建数学模型具有较好的准确性,模拟值与实验值的相对误差均在±15%之间。光伏/光热-水&空气源热泵系统运行模式下发电效率和集热效率均值分别为13.91%和41.14%,COP均值为2.29。此外,当辐照度和环境温度分别以500 W/m²和15℃为单一变量时,系统COP分别提升21.0%和29.8%。     

空气源热泵热水器系统性能分析

为了预测空气源热泵热水器的运行性能,提高系统稳定性和降低能耗,建立空气源热泵热水器系统仿真模型,在焓差实验室对一台水箱容积为150L的一体式空气源热泵热水器样机进行变工况实验以验证模型的准确性,利用所建立的模型研究蒸发器入口空气流速及制冷剂质量流量对机组性能的影响。结果表明:系统制热量和COP都随环境温度的升高而不断增大;系统制热量随蒸发器入口空气流速的增大而呈增大趋势,在达到某值后,系统制热量变化趋于稳定;系统COP随制冷剂质量流量的不断增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,即制冷剂质量流量存在最佳值使得热泵性能系数最高。     

结霜工况下空气源热泵-冷柜双联机性能实验研究

空气源热泵-冷柜双联机将热泵系统部分制冷剂用于对冷柜制冷系统进行机械过冷,可提高系统整体性能。本文将空气源热泵室外机与冷柜冷凝器设计成一体式换热器,在冬季工况下可利用冷柜制冷系统的冷凝热延缓空气源热泵室外机结霜。实验研究了结霜工况下空气源热泵-冷柜双联机性能,将热泵-冷柜联合运行工况下的性能与热泵单独运行工况下的性能进行了对比,并分析了不同冷流比条件下热泵系统、冷柜系统性能及热泵室外换热器表面结霜性能。实验结果表明,在室外换热器严重结霜工况下,相比于空气源热泵单独运行,双联机联合运行使结霜周期延长为原来的2.17倍,热泵系统平均制热量及平均COP分别提高了约5%及4.8%。随着冷流比增大,冷柜系统平均制冷量和平均COP均增大。而空气源热泵在冷流比为0~12%范围内,结霜周期、平均制热量及平均COP均变化较小,当冷流比大于12%时,随着冷流比增大,结霜周期缩短,平均制热量及平均COP呈下降趋势。     

污水源热泵系统运行性能实测与节能潜力分析

笔者对大连某原生污水源热泵供热供冷系统进行了实测,获得了该系统供暖季和供冷季的运行数据,供暖季污水温度平均值为10.45℃,机组和系统平均COP分别为5.02和3.93;供冷季污水温度平均值为18.43℃,供冷季机组和系统平均COP分别为6.26和4.54。为了进一步减少污水源热泵系统的运行能耗,提高系统COP,一方面对污水换热器换热系数进行测试研究,与运行初期相比污水换热器换热系数下降了50.08%,更换换热器后,机组和系统COP分别提高了16.08%和11.36%,说明污水源热泵系统定期清洁和更换换热器的重要性;另一方面对污水源热泵机组变工况运行时蒸发器侧和冷凝器侧进水温度和流量对机组性能影响进行分析,基于Data Fit软件建立了机组性能随蒸发器和冷凝器进水温度和流量变化的数学模型,并基于TRNSYS平台对系统负荷侧水泵定频和变频工况分别进行模拟,变频运行机组和系统COP均增加,系统累计能耗减少约18.52%。     

基于平均性能最优的空气源热泵除霜控制方法的研究

本文选择空气源热泵机组的性能恶化点作为除霜的开始时刻,提出了一种基于平均性能最优的空气源热泵除霜控制方法。为验证该方法的可行性与适用性,采用四种不同的除霜方案对一台空气源热泵机组的除霜特性进行实验研究。针对不同的结霜工况条件,测量了翅片表面霜层厚度及机组输入功率、制热量等参数随时间的变化,并以此为基础分析了空气源热泵在整个结霜/除霜循环中的总耗功、总制热量以及平均COP的变化。实验结果表明:当空气源热泵机组选择以性能恶化点作为除霜开始时刻时,系统在整个结霜/除霜循环中的平均COP达到最大,即验证该除霜控制方法的可行性,能够用于空气源热泵机组的最佳除霜开始时刻控制。     

上海地区空气源热泵结合小温差换热风机盘管末端的供暖空调系统性能的实验研究

为解决夏热冬冷地区冬季供暖问题,本文设计了空气源热泵结合小温差换热风机盘管末端的分布式空调系统。实验研究表明:在冬季典型工况下采用35℃左右的热水供暖,系统制热性能系数(COP)可达3.0;在夏季典型工况下采用10℃左右的冷水制冷,系统制冷COP也在3.0以上。结果表明通过使用小温差换热末端降低了机组设定出水温度,改善了机组的运行工况,提升系统的能效比。系统解决了目前空气源热泵在冬季低温工况下供暖能效低、舒适性差等问题,为解决我国南方冬季供暖问题提供了可行方案。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.