广州市1997-2007年食物中毒流行病学特征分析

目的分析广州市食物中毒事件流行病学特征,为预防和控制食物中毒的发生提供依据。方法收集1997-2007年的食物中毒档案资料,建立数据库,归类统计分析。结果1997-2007年广州市共发生食物中毒事件520起,中毒人数10103人,死亡41人,发病率为12.82/10万,平均中毒规模为19.43人/起;中毒起数和发病率总体呈阶段性上升趋势,但中毒规模呈下降趋势;中毒高发时间在5-10月份;中毒食物以动物类食品为主(52.69%);42.31%的中毒场所发生在集体食堂;致病因素以微生物污染为主(52.31%);中毒发生原因主要为生熟食品交叉污染以及原料污染或变质;引起中毒死亡主要原因为毒蘑菇和假酒中毒。结论广州市食物中毒预防与控制重点是集体食堂熟肉食品微生物性中毒;加强预防食物中毒宣教工作将有效控制误食有毒食物中毒死亡事件的发生。     

揭阳市2004—2007年食物中毒情况分析

目的了解揭阳市食物中毒的发生情况与规律。方法收集揭阳市2004—2007年食物中毒流行病调查资料进行统计分析。结果揭阳市2004—2007年共发生食物中毒36起,中毒人数372人,死亡2人,中毒死亡率为0．538％;中毒原因主要为化学性因素,占中毒人数的35．22％（131／372）。中毒场所以集体食堂为主,占47．22％（17／36）。引起中毒的食品以受农药污染的蔬菜为主,占38.89％（14／36）。结论应加强从业人员的卫生知识培训,加大对集体食堂的监督力度是减少食物中毒的关键。     

1999-2014年全国重大食物中毒通报资料的汇总与分析

分析总结食物中毒发生规律,为社会性预防食物中毒提出相应策略。利用近十六年国家重大食物中毒通报统计数据进行统计学分析。结果表明,第三季度为重大食物中毒高发季节,中毒人数占总人数的42.50%;微生物性食物中毒人数最多,化学性食物中毒为重大食物中毒高死亡类型,死亡人数占总死亡人数的42.58%;集体食堂食物中毒人数最多,家庭食物中毒为重大食物中毒死亡率最高的发病地点,死亡人数占总死亡人数的80.58%。食物中毒形势依然严峻,预防食物中毒需要加强管理、监督指导和宣传教育。     

广东省集体食堂食物中毒发生规律及防控对策研究

目的探索集体食堂食物中毒防控对策。方法分析历年集体食堂食物中毒发生的规律与特点,针对性采取相应干预措施。结果食物中毒地点以企业为主,时间多发于5-10月,中毒食品以果蔬植物类和肉蛋类为主,其中肉蛋类以微生物性食物中毒为主,果蔬植物类以有毒动植物和农药残留中毒为主;微生物污染是引起集体食堂食物中毒的首要致病因素,其次是农药和有毒动植物;原料污染、生熟交叉污染和加工不当是食物中毒发生的主要原因。结论以推行食品卫生监督量化分级管理为契机,改变监管模式,促进集体食堂的设施建设和规范化管理;加强食物中毒防控知识宣传,开展食物中毒等食品安全预警,提高从业者食品安全意识;加强配送餐单位监管;在重点时期提前介入重点单位,采取干预措施等,是防控集体食堂食物中毒的有效对策。     

2004—2013年中国大陆食物中毒情况分析

目的分析全国食物中毒发生的特点和规律,为制定有效防控食物中毒的措施提供依据。方法整理2004—2013年原卫生部发布的"重大食物中毒情况的通报",对各食物中毒事件的基本情况、季节和月份分布、中毒原因和就餐场所进行统计学分析。结果 2004—2013年全国食物中毒发生数呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,2006年后持续下降。第三季度是食物中毒的高发期,其中9月份食物中毒人数最多,7月份死亡人数最多。中毒原因中微生物性食物中毒人数最多,但死亡人数最少;化学性食物中毒人数和死亡人数呈明显下降的趋势;有毒动植物及毒蘑菇中毒为2006年后死亡人数最多的致病因素。就餐场所以集体食堂食物中毒人数最多,其中化学性食物中毒是导致学生食物中毒死亡的主要因素;家庭食物中毒的死亡人数最多。结论全国食品安全状况已有明显改善,但食物中毒形势依然严峻,尤其死亡率还较高。通过加强不同季节月份、不同就餐场所、不同人群有针对性的防控及食品安全知识的宣传教育工作,建立有效的政府监管机制,是预防和降低食物中毒事件发生的有效途径。     

广州市17起盐酸克伦特罗食物中毒分析及预防措施

为预防盐酸克伦特罗引起食物中毒，总结了广州市2001年发生的由盐酸克伦特罗引起的食物中毒。2001年共发生17起，中毒人数106人，是2001年广州市化学性食物中毒的首要致病因素（89．4％），17起食中毒中，只有一起发生在集体食堂，其余均在家庭，盐酸克伦特罗引起的食中毒发病率为98％，无死亡，总结结果显示应加强市场肉品的卫生管理。     

2000—2007年上海市副溶血性弧菌致集体性食物中毒分析及对策

目的了解上海市副溶血性弧菌致集体性食物中毒的特征。方法收集整理2000-2007年上海市集体性食物中毒资料,对由副溶血性弧菌所致集体性食物中毒事件进行统计分析。结果8年间副溶血性弧菌致集体性食物中毒事件起数和涉及患者人数分别占同期食物中毒事件起数和患者人数的57.4%和56.0%。5-10月是上海市副溶血性弧菌致集体性食物中毒的多发期,7、8、9月为高峰。发生的原因主要是生熟交叉污染(58.6%)和加工人员污染(18.6%)。主要中毒食品是混合食品(71.4%,如盒饭和桶饭)、畜禽肉加工制品(16.4%)和水产品(8.6%)。宾馆饭店是首要责任单位(33.6%),其次是集体供餐中的外送盒饭(21.4%)和单位集体食堂(20.5%)。结论副溶血性弧菌是上海市集体性食物中毒的首要致病原,应在高温季节对餐饮和集体供餐单位加强预防生熟交叉污染的培训和监督。     

2007—2009年东莞市食物中毒分析及防控对策

目的分析近年来东莞市食物中毒发生规律及特点,以制定有效的防控策略及措施。方法对东莞市2007—2009年食物中毒事件资料进行分析。结果近3年,东莞市发生食物中毒事件71起,病例数为979人;均以企业食堂为主(占77.46%),但所占比例呈逐年下降趋势,而餐馆发生数有增加趋势;5—9月份为全年发生高峰(占56.34%),主要为细菌性污染(占80.56%),其中以副溶血性弧菌污染为主(占61.11%);1—3月份为次高峰(占28.17%),主要因四季豆及面豆加工不当(占60.00%),但呈逐年下降趋势;中毒食物主要为肉类(28.17%)、四季豆(面豆)(28.17%)及凉拌菜类(19.72%),前者有增加趋势,后二者呈下降趋势。结论针对关键控制点进行重点管理,提高食物中毒查明率,加强监管和宣传力度。     

甘肃省2006—2010年食物中毒事件分析

目的:分析甘肃省食物中毒的原因、发生规律和特点,为预防、控制及有效处置各类食物中毒事件提供科学依据。方法:收集甘肃省2006—2010年所发生的食物中毒资料并进行描述性流行病学分析。结果:2006—2010年发生食物中毒47起,中毒人数1 733人,死亡24人,病死率为1.38%。中毒事件发生有明显的季节性,第二、三季度发生的起数分别占总数的36.17%和31.91%;中毒场所以家庭和集体食堂较多,分别占总起数的44.68%和34.04%;中毒原因以微生物性中毒为主,占总起数的46.81%;化学性食物中毒死亡人数最多,占总死亡人数的50.00%。结论:食物加工和储存不当引起的微生物性食物中毒是甘肃省食物中毒发生的主要原因;投毒及误食鼠药是导致食物中毒死亡的主要原因。建议有关部门加强市场监管与食品安全知识的宣传。     

山东省286起沙门菌食物中毒分析

为预防沙门菌食物中毒的发生,对山东省1983年～2002年的沙门菌食物中毒情况进行了分析.20年共发生沙门菌食物中毒286起,11228人中毒,15人死亡.平均年发病率为1.13/10万,病死率为0.13%,2、3季度为中毒高峰季节,中毒起数、发病人数、死亡人数分别占总数的75.87%、72.73%、80.00%;中毒地区以农村为主,是城市的6倍;中毒食品以猪肉最多,中毒起数、发病人数、死亡人数分别占总数的61.18%、62.46%、80.00%;中毒责任单位主要源自个体商贩,中毒起数、发病人数、死亡人数分别占总数的46.50%、51.28%、46.67%;中毒发生的原因主要是原料污染造成的,中毒起数、发病人数、死亡人数分别占总数的44.41%、42.12%、53.33%.为减少该类中毒发生,建议夏秋季节加大对流通领域肉类食品的抽检力度,在农村加大食物中毒的常识、预防措施的宣传,以减少该类食物中毒的发生.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.