川西致密含气砂岩的粘土矿物与潜在地层损害

为了阐明致密含气砂岩储层的损害机理,进而为制订保护气层技术措施提供依据,研究了川西典型气田侏罗系—上三叠统致密砂岩储层中的粘土矿物,采用薄片、ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ方法分析了粘土矿物含量、类型、产状和微结构,并讨论了纵向演变规律。研究指出粘土矿物含量随深度增加而降低;粘土类型为高岭石、绿泥石、伊利石、蒙皂石、绿／蒙间层和伊／蒙间层;主要演化路径有蒙皂石→绿／蒙间层→绿泥石、蒙皂石→伊／蒙间层→伊利石、高岭石→伊利石。常见七种粘土微结构类型,随埋深增加微结构稳定性提高。研究还表明粘土自身的敏感性及因粘土的存在而形成的储层致密性是储层易被损害的根本原因,防止致密储层损害,首要工作是有效地解决粘土矿物问题。但仅就防止粘土损害而言,气体类工作流体具有一定程度的优越性。     

METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF SYNTHESIS OF A HIGH PERFORMANCE ORGANIC SMECTITE

A new method for preparing highly pureand viscous organic smectite has been investigated and devel-oped.The key feature of the method is the use of a chemicalaid with multi-functions of high purification,modificationand chelation.This ensures the preparation of the high per-formance organic smectite product even using the most con-ventional organic coating agent.     

我国3种典型高岭土的固结、渗透及吸附特性

为了研究不同类型高岭土的物理、化学及土力学特性,通过压缩固结、渗透及等温吸附试验,确定国内硬质、软质和砂质3种典型高岭土的固结、渗透及吸附特性.试验结果表明：通过压缩固结,硬质、软质高岭土的饱和渗透系数可减小到1×10-7 cm/s,砂质高岭土的渗透、固结系数均比前两者高一个数量级.不同类型的高岭土吸附Pb2+、Cd2+的能力不同,吸附能力由高到低排序为硬质高岭土>软质高岭土>砂质高岭土.3种高岭土对Pb2+的吸附能力均显著高于对Cd2+的吸附,硬质、软质、砂质高岭土对Pb2+的吸附容量分别为6 347.2、3 105.5、2 672.7 mg/kg,对Cd2+的吸附容量分别为691.1、686.4、667.5 mg/kg.综合考虑这3类高岭土的物理、渗透和吸附特性以及制样的方便性,推荐采用软质高岭土作为压实黏土衬垫的实验模拟材料.     

蒙脱石与酸反应固相变化实验研究

利用X′Pert PRO X-射线衍射分析仪、XL-30能谱电镜分析等岩矿测试手段,系统评价了蒙脱石在5%HCl 、0.5%HF 5%HCl、1.0%HF 5%HCl、0.5%HF、1.0%HF、8%HBF4、5%HCl 7%HBF4七种常见酸体系中的化学行为,重点分析了酸液反应后蒙脱石固相参数的变化特征.研究指出:酸对蒙脱石晶体中的铝氧八面体破坏性强于硅氧四面体,导致残酸中硅/铝(Si/Al)元素重量比值比理论值低,酸蚀残余物中刚好相反.7%HBF4和7%HBF4 5%HCl两体系与蒙脱石反应2小时后d(001)晶面破坏,并出现新峰,因此F-、B-等有利于促进蒙脱石矿物转化.     

深埋泥炭质粘土的力学性能

为研究深埋的泥炭质粘土的静力和动力性能进行了静力和动力试验,进行了静力和动力试验.通过静力试验,验证了双曲线应力应变关系及邓肯—张模型也适用于泥炭质粘土,测定了邓肯—张模型参数,并发现参数k、c、随的埋深增加而增大.动力试验结果验证了Hardin和Drnevich提出的动力学模型也适用于泥炭质粘土,測定了相应的模型参数,发现参数kG.d随的埋深增加而增大.确定了在原位条件下的Gd/Gd..max-r及λ/λmax-r关系线,并与Seed建议的一般粘性土平均的关系线做了比较.发现的模量比Gd/Gd..max随剪应变幅值r增加衰减地比较慢,线性阶段可延续到剪应变幅值达到10-4.相应地,泥炭质粘土的λ/λmax-r关系线也明显地不同于Seed建议的粘性土平均的λ/λmax-r关系线.     

LDHs材料制备技术研究进展

LDHs(Layered double hydroxides)是一类阴离子层状化合物,具有碱性和酸性的特征、层间阴离子的可交换性、微孔结构和记忆效应.本文简单介绍了LDHs材料的结构、性能及生成机理,主要概括、分析了LDHs的制备方法,探讨了LDHs合成反应的主要工艺参数对产品纯度、结构的影响.LDHs材料主要通过盐和碱反应、盐和氧化物反应和离子交换反应制得.文章指出了当今LDHs的研究动态和发展前景,为LDHs材料的研究提供参考.     

软土结构性及结构破损机理

通过对漳州和黄石地区2种结构性软土进行单向与等向压缩试验,根据原状样和重塑样的压缩曲线确定了先期固结压力和结构强度.研究表明,漳州软土结构应力比在1.1~1.2之间,黄石软土在1.2~1.3之间,说明在沉积过程中产生的结构屈服压力与上覆压力基本成正比.结构强度随埋深、试验的加荷间隔、加荷时间的增加而增大;由单向压缩试验曲线得到的结构强度大于等向压缩试验曲线得到的结构强度;卸载再加载过程对结构性强弱影响不大.计算得到漳州软土结构破损系数为17.7%,黄石软土结构破损系数为14%,说明黄石软土结构性略强于漳州软土.从微观角度解释了土的结构破损主要是由颗粒间的连接方式的改变与孔隙变化所引起的.     

Characteristics and genesis of clay minerals in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin

In order to develop appropriate reservoir protection measures in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin and improve its oil and gas recovery efficiency, characteristics of clay minerals from eleven clay rock samples from the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin were investigated using X-ray diffraction analysis, the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and energy spectrum analysis. Clay mineral composition and distribution characteristics of the main hydrocarbon reservoirs, I.e., from the Jurassic and Paleogene-Neogene, were explored. We analyzed the main factors which affected these attributes. The results show that the major clay minerals in the northern margin are chlorite, kaolinite, illite, smectite and illite/smectite inter-stratified minerals, Illite is the most widely spread clay mineral in this area.Chlorite is mainly found in the entire Neogene and in shallow horizons of the Paleogene. Smectite is enriched in the shallow Paleogene-Neogene. There are large amounts of kaolinite and illite/smectite inter-stratified minerals in the Jurassic. The major factors affecting the different development of clay minerals in the region are properties of parent rocks, paleoclimate and paleowater media conditions,diagenesis transformation, tectonic and terrain conditions.     

凹凸棒石粘土的开发研究

文中结合作者对苏皖凹凸棒石粘土矿研究结果,概述了凹凸棒石矿物学、矿物水及加热条件下晶体结构变化。叙述和探讨了凹凸棒石粘土的流变性、吸附性、催化性等物理化学性能及活化处理。     

考虑结构状态扰动的天然黏土一维压缩模型

为了探索结构性黏土的一维压缩特性模拟方法,广泛调查研究了中国12种典型的结构性黏土的一维压缩试验,分析比较了这些黏土的原状土样和重塑土样的一维压缩试验结果,通过引入“结构比”变量并建立其破坏规律,提出了一个简单的可以描述结构性黏土一维压缩特性的模拟方法,并利用扰动状态概念推广此方法至扰动状态模型.最后,应用此模型模拟了结构性黏土的一维压缩实验,验证了此模拟方法的适用性.     

膨胀土的胀缩变形机理及其工程应用

阐述了膨胀土的基本特征,研究了膨胀土的胀缩变形机理即物理化学作用机理和力学作用机理,论述了膨胀土地区的结构物应采取的必要工程措施,以防止其胀缩变形导致的结构物失效．     

Modeling of strength and deformation of overconsolidated clays based on bounding surface plasticity

An elastoplastic constitutive model for overconsolidated clays is established in the framework of the critical state theory and bounding surface plasticity theory. The bounding surface is defined as the maximum yield surface in the loading history. A yielding ratio, i.e., an internal variant, is defined as the size ratio of the current yield surface to the corresponding bounding surface. The yielding ratio instead of the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) is used to evaluate the strength and stress-strain behaviors of overconsolidated clays in the shearing process. The bounding stress ratio incorporating the effect of the yielding ratio is used to characterize the potential failure strength of the overconsolidated clays. The dilation stress ratio taking into account the effect of the yielding ratio is applied to describe the dilatancy behaviors of the overconsolidated clays. Comparisons between model predictions and test data show that the proposed model could well capture the strength and stress-strain behaviors of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays.     

A new method of developing elastic-plastic-viscous constitutive model for clays

A new method is presented to develop the existing elastic-plastic constitutive model into an elastic-plastic-viscous one for clays. The actual loading process is divided into an instant process and a delayed process denoting the elastic-plastic strain and viscous strain, respectively. The elastic-plastic strain is determined by either an elastic-plastic model for overconsolidated clays or an improved model based on the elastic-plastic model for normally consolidated clays. In order to calculate viscous strain, a reference state line is defined based on the actual loading path. Combining the reference state line, an existing elastic-plastic model can be conveniently developed into an elastic-plastic-viscous model. Furthermore, using the proposed method, the modified cam clay model is extended into an elastic-plastic-viscous model. Comparisons with test results demonstrate that the extended model can capture the main time-dependent behaviours of clays, including creep, stress relaxation and strain rate effects.     

初始含水率对重塑连云港黏土压缩特性的影响

目的探讨初始含水率对重塑黏性土压缩性状的影响,建立土结构性对天然沉积黏性土力学性状影响的定量评价基准．方法设计加工了适用于高初始含水率重塑黏性土固结试验的轻型固结仪,针对具有不同初始含水率的连云港黏性土重塑样进行了大量的一维固结试验．结果对连云港黏性土而言,当固结压力低于约25kPa时,采用孔隙指数不能将不同压缩曲线归一化;而超过25kPa后,各压缩曲线均可以较好的进行归一化至重塑土的固有压缩曲线上,且固有压缩参数e100、Cc与W0／wL之间存在良好的线性关系．结论得到了一簇对应不同初始含水率连云港重塑土样的压缩曲线,初始含水率高的重塑样压缩曲线位于含水率低的压缩曲线之上,表明初始含水率对重塑土压缩性状有着显著影响．     

Laminar mesoporous structure of modified montmorillonite clays and its formation mechanism

Zr-pillared clays were prepared by heating and ultrasonic methods in intercalation process.The resultants were characterized by XRD,N2 adsorption-desorption,SEM,and TG/DTA analysis.Ultrasonic technology accelerated the pillaring process effectively and obtained better ordered structure than by heating method.The specific surface area and pore volume of the Zr-pillared clays increased by about 13 and 3 times respectively.Rare earth metal(Ce)was introduced into Zr-pillared clays by co-intercalation and dipping method.The specific surface area was increased by co-intercalation approach,but it was decreased dramatically by dipping method.Thermal stability of Ce modified samples prepared by co-intercalation method was enhanced in comparison with Zr-pillared clays.Modification mechanism and "corrugation-like" structural mode of intercalation process was proposed basing on the double XRD peaks in small-angle range of pillared clays,which was related to the deformation of silicate layer.     

环境友好半导体Ca2Si的研究进展

概述了Ca2Si的基本性质、制备工艺和应用，阐述了Ca2Si的研究进展及其制备，指出了存在的问题以及今后的研究方向．     

环境友好半导体Ca2Si的研究进展

概述了Ca2Si的基本性质、制备工艺和应用,阐述了Ca2Si的研究进展及其制备,指出了存在的问题以及今后的研究方向.     

单模聚焦微波辐射下有机纳米蒙脱土复合聚丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的制备与性能研究

首先以纳米蒙脱土（Nano—MMT）、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为原料,通过单模聚焦微波辐射法制备了有机纳米蒙脱土,然后利用单模聚焦微波辐射技术合成了有机纳米蒙脱土复合聚丙烯酸高吸水性树脂（SAR）,通过X-射线衍射分析（XRD）和傅立叶红外光谱分析（FTIR）对产物结构进行了表征,研究了微波辐射时间、纳米有机蒙脱土的加入量对树脂吸液倍率的影响．结果表明：十六烷基三甲基溴化铵可成功插入纳米蒙脱土片层之间,且微波辐射下有机纳米蒙脱土复合聚丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的制备时间大大缩短,其最大吸水倍率达1450g·g-1,在质量分数为0．9％的食盐水中的最大吸盐水倍率达150g·g-1     

大跨度粘土公路隧道台阶法施工技术探讨

在寒区大跨度浅埋粘土隧道施工中,因粘土含水量大、粘结力差、受施工扰动强度易衰减快,地基承载力低,施工方式选择不当易造成隧道坍塌.结合在建天恒山隧道大里程段台阶法施工的实践,对大跨度浅埋土质隧道采用台阶法施工中的开挖支护施工工艺、施工质量控制要点等进行分析和探讨,指导了天恒山隧道的施工.天恒山浅埋粘土隧道三台阶法施工的成功应用为大跨度浅埋土质隧道的施工提供了技术资料,可供同类隧道施工借鉴.     

粘土中铝对高铁酸盐的稳定作用探讨

分析了几种粘土对高铁酸盐溶液稳定性的影响，发现粘土在碱性溶液中对高铁酸盐有稳定作用，实验结果表明粘土中的铝对稳定高铁酸盐无明显的贡献。