60Co γ射线诱变选育聚谷氨酸高产菌株及培养基初步优化

对一株产γ-聚谷氨酸的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis CICC10099)进行了诱变筛选及摇瓶发酵条件的初步优化,以期得到γ-聚谷氨酸高产菌株并进一步提高其产能.实验考察了不同诱变剂量下的菌体的致死率和正突变率,以确定最佳诱变条件.结果表明:60Co γ射线最佳的诱变剂量为200 Gy时,致死率大于90 %,正突变率高达13.3 %.在上述剂量下,经60Co γ射线诱变后分离筛选得到一株高产突变株Bacillus licheniformis S16, 摇瓶实验表明γ-聚谷氨酸的含量达到16.9 g·L-1,较出发菌株CICC10099提高72.4 %.并且采用单因素法初步优化了摇瓶发酵培养基,优化后的培养基组成为:柠檬酸12 g·L-1,甘油80 g·L-1,氯化铵6 g·L-1,L-谷氨酸15 g·L-1,K2HPO4 1 g·L-1,CaCl2·2H2O 0.1 g·L-1 ,FeCl3·6H2O 0.05 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 0.75 g·L-1,MnSO·H2O 0.1 g·L-1,pH 7.5;利用优化的培养基在250 mL三角烧瓶装液量50 mL, 37℃,180 r·min-1的条件下培养80 h,发酵液中的γ-PGA含量最高,可达到18.9 g·L-1.     

基因工程菌毕赤酵母发酵产纤维二糖酶条件研究

本文对基因工程菌毕赤酵母产纤维二糖酶活的发酵条件进行研究,结果表明:确定最优摇瓶培养基为小麦B浆4%,硫酸镁0.05%,玉米浆1%。其摇瓶最佳产酶条件为诱导时间12h,诱导前适宜的增殖时间为16h,接种量10%,转速220r/min,发酵pH值为6。在此基础上进行了50L发酵罐发酵中试,50L发酵罐诱导产酶高达125U。     

产壳聚糖酶菌株的筛选及其发酵产酶条件的研究

从采集的土样中分离得到一株产壳聚糖酶的菌株,对该菌株发酵产酶条件进行了初步研究.确定其最适的产酶培养基为(%):壳聚糖1.0,葡萄糖0.1,酵母提取物0.5,(NH4)2SO4 1.0,K2HPO4 0.07,KH2PO4 0.03,NaCl 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05,起始pH值6.0;最适产酶培养条件为:装液量为70 mL/250 mL,接种量3%,30℃、150 r·min-1培养72 h.在最适产酶条件下,该菌株发酵液中壳聚糖酶活力最高达到1.96 U·mL-1.     

60↑Coγ射线诱变选育聚谷氨酸高产菌株及培养基初步优化

对一株产γ-聚谷氨酸的地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis CICC10099)进行了诱变筛选及摇瓶发酵条件的初步优化,以期得到γ-聚谷氨酸高产菌株并进一步提高其产能.实验考察了不同诱变剂量下的菌体的致死率和正突变率,以确定最佳诱变条件.结果表明60Co γ射线最佳的诱变剂量为200 Gy时,致死率大于90 %,正突变率高达13.3 %.在上述剂量下,经60Co γ射线诱变后分离筛选得到一株高产突变株Bacillus licheniformis S16, 摇瓶实验表明γ-聚谷氨酸的含量达到16.9 g·L-1,较出发菌株CICC10099提高72.4 %.并且采用单因素法初步优化了摇瓶发酵培养基,优化后的培养基组成为柠檬酸12 g·L-1,甘油80 g·L-1,氯化铵6 g·L-1,L-谷氨酸15 g·L-1,K2HPO4 1 g·L-1,CaCl2·2H2O 0.1 g·L-1 ,FeCl3·6H2O 0.05 g·L-1,MgSO4·7H2O 0.75 g·L-1,MnSO·H2O 0.1 g·L-1,pH 7.5;利用优化的培养基在250 mL三角烧瓶装液量50 mL, 37℃,180 r·min-1的条件下培养80 h,发酵液中的γ-PGA含量最高,可达到18.9 g·L-1.     

抗真菌抗生素产生菌Fu发酵条件的优化

运用单因素法和均匀设计法对链霉菌Fu培养基组成及发酵时间进行了优化,并用3 L发酵罐对菌种产抗生素的发酵动力学规律做了初步的探索.实验结果表明,菌种最佳摇瓶发酵培养基组成(%)为:可溶性淀粉7、酵母粉0.2、黄豆粉0.5、NaCl 0.15、MgSO40.03、 K2HPO4 0.04,发酵时间3 d.在罐培养至40 h左右菌体浓度达到最大,产抗生素水平在48 h左右达到最大.     

响应面法优化壳聚糖酶产生菌Mitsuaria sp.K1的产酶发酵条件

壳聚糖（chitosan）及其降解产物因具有优良的物理特性和生物活性而被广泛关注。通过平板透明圈初筛、摇瓶复筛方法,从青岛海岸土壤中分离筛选到1株产壳聚糖酶活性较高的细菌Mitsuaria sp.K1,并对其产酶发酵条件进行了单因素试验和响应面优化分析试验。结果表明：在最适培养基组成（1%粉末壳聚糖、0.5%硝酸钾、0.22%KH2PO4、0.1%Na2HPO4、0.15%KCl、0.05%MgSO4?7H2O）和最佳培养条件（培养温度25.2 ℃,培养时间25.4 h,起始pH值6.5,接种量3%,装液量100 mL/500 mL摇瓶,160 r/min）下,Mitsuaria sp.K1的发酵粗酶液最高酶活平均达11.56 U/mL,比优化前的2.17 U/mL提高了4.32倍。与前人研究结果相比,该菌发酵产酶温度降低了5～10 ℃,产酶周期缩短了23～47 h,因此具有工业发酵应用价值。     

海洋微生物溶菌酶的发酵优化与中试生产

以海洋细菌S-12-86为试验菌株,采用摇瓶发酵优化的方式,研究培养基组分(碳源、氮源、碳源与氮源的比例、金属离子)与发酵条件(培养温度、接种体积分数、装液体积分数、起始pH值、产酶周期)对海洋微生物溶菌酶产量的影响,并进行中试放大试验。结果表明:该菌产酶最佳培养基组分为:葡萄糖10 g/L,蛋白胨5 g/L,MgSO45 g/L,CaCl22 g/L;最适发酵培养温度为30℃,接种体积分数为4.0%,装液体积分数为10.0%,起始pH值为8.0,发酵周期24 h。海洋细菌S-12-86发酵优化后的产酶量(25636.8 U/mL)较优化前的产酶量(14454.4 U/mL)提高了75.4%。海洋微生物溶菌酶中试发酵的产酶量达26697.87 U/mL。说明摇瓶发酵优化条件可以应用于海洋微生物溶菌酶中试生产上。     

灵芝深层发酵工艺研究

对灵芝的摇床深层培养条件及反应器培养进行了研究.结果表明,最佳发酵培养基为:葡萄糖5%、玉米浆0.3%、豆饼粉1.0%、糖蜜0.6%、KH2PO4·3H2O 0.15%、MgSO4·7H2O 0.075%、三十烷醇1×10-6,初始pH值5.5～6.0.最佳摇瓶发酵条件为:种龄72～96 h、接种量5%、装液量50 mL、摇床转速150 r·min-1、温度28℃、初始pH值5.5～6.0.最佳发酵工艺条件为:温度28℃、搅拌转速150～200 r·min-1、装液量5 L、通风量3～5 L·min-1、初始pH值5.5.发酵工艺经优化后,菌丝体干重可达15.1 g·L-1、胞外粗多糖浓度达780 mg·L-1,分别比优化前提高了15.3%和18.8%.     

一株产2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸菌的筛选鉴定及其发酵优化

以(NH4)2SO4为底物氮源,采用平板变色圈法从土壤中分离筛选出一株2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸生产菌株Serratia sp. FMME043,对其碳源、氮源、无机源和摇瓶类型等产酸条件进行优化,确定以(NH4)2SO4为氮源的摇瓶产酸最佳条件为葡萄糖180 g/L, (NH4)2SO4 2.0 g/L, KH2PO4 1 g/L,在初始pH 7.0及750 mL双刺摇瓶装液量10%、培养温度30℃、摇床转速200 r/min条件下发酵48 h,2-酮基-D-葡萄糖酸产量达169.5 g/L,得率为0.87 mol/mol,并在7 L发酵罐中进行了验证.     

不动杆菌生物合成新型羧酸酯酶的摇瓶培养条件优化

对一株产(R)-烯丙醇酮乙酸酯对映选择性水解酶的不动杆菌(Acinetobactersp.CGMCC0789)摇瓶发酵产酶条件进行了优化。培养基最佳组成为(g?L?1):蔗糖8.5,吐温-801.5,黄豆饼粉20.0,(NH4)2SO42.0,K2HPO42.0,NaCl1.0,MgSO4·7H2O0.2;优化后酯酶产量提高了8.3倍(由46增至427U?L?1)。添加吐温-80可以诱导酶的合成。摇瓶培养最佳条件为:装液量15%,发酵起始pH8.0,接种量6%,发酵温度30℃。考察了细胞生长及产酶的时间进程,最佳培养时间为30h.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.