类金刚石薄膜在干摩擦、油和脂润滑条件下的摩擦学性能分析

通过钢/类金刚石(DLC)薄膜摩擦副在干摩擦4、122油和L252脂润滑条件下的球-盘摩擦学试验,对比分析润滑条件、载荷、速度对DLC膜摩擦系数的影响,利用原子力显微镜分析膜层磨损性能,研究润滑条件对膜层磨损寿命的影响。结果表明:油、脂润滑下DLC膜最大静摩擦系数分别减小了17%和38%;从0～2000 r/min转速范围内,DLC膜摩擦系数随转速增加而减小,油润滑下相比干摩擦DLC膜摩擦系数小15%～48%,脂润滑下相比干摩擦DLC膜摩擦系数在0～500 r/min转速范围小,超过500 r/min后干摩擦DLC膜摩擦系数小;油和脂润滑条件下,DLC膜层的磨损程度明显降低,磨损率相比干摩擦条件下分别减小了7.4倍和15.5倍。     

润滑条件下三维编织炭复合材料的摩擦学特性

采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了润滑条件下三维编织炭/环氧复合材料的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了载荷及滑动速度等外界因素的影响;并采用XL30 ESEM电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌,分析了其磨损机理.结果表明,润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能远优于干摩擦,且磨合期较短;随着载荷的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数和比磨损率降低,但滑动速度对摩擦磨损性能的影响很小;润滑条件下的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损.     

不同接触尺度下PVA/HA复合水凝胶的滑动摩擦行为

采用UMT-II型多功能摩擦磨损试验机研究了不同接触尺度下PVA/HA复合水凝胶的滑动摩擦行为,并利用有限元模拟方法对PVA/HA复合水凝胶的滑动摩擦机理进行了探讨。结果表明:滑动过程中PVA/HA复合水凝胶的平均摩擦力、平均摩擦因数及变形深度随接触压头直径的增加逐渐减小,而随着接触载荷呈逐渐增加的趋势;随着接触压头直径的增加,液相的承载能力增大,从而平均摩擦力、变形深度减小;随着接触载荷的增加,液相流失增加,液相的承载力降低,从而平均摩擦力、变形深度增大。     

三维编织复合材料在润滑条件下的摩擦性能

利用树脂传递模塑(RTM)工艺制备了三维编织炭纤维/环氧(C3D/EP)复合材料.采用MM-200型摩擦磨损试验机研究了该材料润滑条件下的摩擦磨损性能,探讨了载荷及滑动速度等外界因素的影响;并采用XL30 ESEM电子显微镜观察磨损表面形貌,分析了其磨损机理.结果表明,润滑条件下复合材料的摩擦磨损性能远优于干摩擦,且磨合期较短;随着载荷的增加,复合材料的摩擦系数和比磨损率降低,但滑动速度对摩擦磨损性能的影响很小;润滑条件下的磨损机理主要是磨粒磨损.     

镍基复合材料在水环境中的摩擦学性能及磨损机理研究

本文考察了Ni-SiC-石墨系复合材料在水环境中的摩擦学性能,并研究其磨损机理.结果表明:复合材料在水环境中的摩擦系数比干摩擦降低了一半左右,磨损率仅为干摩擦下的1/15,水环境中,负荷和速度的变化对摩擦系数的影响不大,摩擦系数基本保持在0.28～0.32之间,磨损率随负荷和滑动速度的增加而不断增加.磨损表现为机械微切削;摩擦副表面吸附水的边界润滑作用以及水的冷却作用使材料容易耗散摩擦热,塑性变形减小,严重粘着磨损明显减轻.水的存在使不锈钢偶件更容易发生氧化,同时暴露于磨损表面的SiC以及由于水的渗透而导致与基体脱粘的SiC,易被氧化生成SiO2,进而SiO2发生水合反应在磨擦对偶表面生成不均匀的SiO2·nH2O水合反应膜,起到了一定的减磨润滑作用,显著降低摩擦系数和磨损率.     

Si3N4陶瓷-冷激铸铁在微量润滑条件下的摩擦学特性

利用MG-200型高速高温摩擦磨损试验机,采用块-盘式实验方法,对Si3N4陶瓷-冷激铸铁摩擦副从室温到150℃进行了微量润滑摩擦磨损实验,得到了该摩擦副的摩擦系数和Si3N4陶瓷的磨损率.同时根据试件的SEM照片和能谱成分分析了摩擦磨损机理,并与无润滑时所得实验结果进行了比较.结果表明:微量润滑条件下Si3N4陶瓷的磨损率和摩擦系数要比无润滑条件下小的多;Si3N4陶瓷的磨损率随载荷和温度的增大而增大,滑动速度的影响要小于载荷的影响;该摩擦副的摩擦系数随环境温度的提高而增大,随速度的增大而减小,载荷的变化对其影响不大;Si3N4陶瓷的磨损是化学磨损、机体物质脱落和磨粒磨损共同作用的结果,其中化学磨损是引起其他两类磨损的主要原因.     

Si_3N_4球表面DLC膜在干摩擦条件下的摩擦学性能分析

采用非平衡磁控溅射技术在Si3N4球及高速钢基体上制备了类金刚石(DLC)膜。采用UMT-II型球盘式摩擦磨损试验机分别考察了Si3N4球、镀DLC膜Si3N4球及GCr15球的摩擦学性能,并分析了不同滑动速度和载荷下Si3N4球表面DLC膜的摩擦学性能。研究结果表明:Si3N4球的摩擦系数及磨损率约为GCr15球的一半,但因Si3N4球脆性较大,在摩擦过程中摩擦接触表面容易剥落;Si3N4球表面镀DLC膜能有效地改善Si3N4球脆性大的弱点,并具有良好的减摩作用;Si3N4球表面DLC膜所组成摩擦副的平均摩擦系数随着载荷的增加而增大;随着速度的增加摩擦副的摩擦系数先增大而后减小,滑动速度对摩擦副摩擦系数的影响比载荷明显。实验结果表明Si3N4球表面镀DLC膜适合于高速轻载的工况。     

AZ80A、ZK60A和ME20M镁合金干摩擦学性能研究

镁合金被广泛应用于航空航天、汽车及军事等领域,但其摩擦学性能对零部件的服役寿命和可靠性具有重大影响.本研究采用往复式球-盘摩擦方式,通过与GCr15钢球配副,研究干摩擦条件下AZ80A、ZK60A和ME20M镁合金在不同滑动速度和载荷条件下的摩擦磨损行为.采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪分析镁合金的显微结构及磨损机理.结果表明:当滑动速度超过0.10 m/s时,随着速度的增加,合金的摩擦系数逐渐降低,而磨损率则先减小后增大,其原因在于摩擦热的作用导致摩擦表面形成了氧化物,同时材料表面软化,剪切力降低,使摩擦系数和磨损率不断减小;当滑动速度增加到0.20 m/s时,摩擦表面温度升高,金属软化导致磨损表面金属氧化物剥落,增大了合金的磨损率.随着载荷的增加,合金的摩擦系数和磨损率持续降低.干摩擦条件下镁合金的磨损机理逐渐由磨粒磨损和塑性变形转变为磨粒磨损、氧化磨损、粘着磨损和塑性变形.与ZK60A和ME20M相比,AZ80A镁合金表现出较好的摩擦学性能,这归因于合金的高硬度、β-Mg17 Al12硬质相的支撑作用以及摩擦过程中形成的氧化物.     

润滑状态下线接触滑动粗糙界面的动摩擦特性研究

滑动粗糙界面的摩擦润滑特性对界面的润滑设计和润滑状态预测具有重要的理论和实际意义。本文通过建立不同润滑状态下的滑动粗糙界面模型,基于界面的法向载荷由润滑油膜和粗糙体共同承担的载荷分配思想,采用Greenwood-Williamson统计模型描述粗糙表面形貌,考虑界面润滑的时变效应和润滑油的粘-压特性,建立了线接触滑动粗糙界面的油膜厚度方程和粗糙体接触压力方程,获得了整个润滑区的润滑油膜载荷比例因子、油膜厚度和摩擦系数随滑动速度的变化关系,推导了界面由混合润滑过渡为液压润滑的临界速度关系表达式,分析了滑动粗糙界面的润滑承载机理,获得了界面油膜厚度、摩擦系数和临界速度随界面形貌参数、法向载荷、润滑油属性参数的变化规律,为机械结构的界面润滑设计、润滑状态预测和润滑优化提供理论和实验参考。     

微量润滑条件下Si3N4陶瓷 白口铸铁的摩擦学性能研究

采用块 盘式摩擦磨损试验方法,在MG 200摩擦磨损试验机上对Si3N4陶瓷 白口铸铁摩擦副进行了微量润滑条件下的摩擦磨损试验,同时根据试件的SME照片和能谱成分分析了摩擦磨损机理,为陶瓷材料的制备及减少磨损提供理论依据。试验和分析结果表明：微量润滑条件下Si3N4陶瓷的磨损率和摩擦系数要比干摩擦条件下小得多;Si3N4陶瓷的磨损率随载荷的增大而增大,滑动速度对磨损率的影响要小于载荷对其的影响;Si3N4陶瓷 白口铸铁的摩擦系数随速度的增大而减小,载荷的变化对摩擦系数的影响不大;Si3N4陶瓷的磨损是化学磨损、机体物质脱落和磨粒磨损共同作用的结果,其中化学磨损起主导作用。     

Influence of dynamic load on friction behavior of human articular cartilage,stainless steel and polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel as artificial cartilage

Many biomaterials are being developed to be used for cartilage substitution and hemiarthroplasty implants. The lubrication property is a key feature of the artificial cartilage. The frictional behavior of human articular cartilage, stainless steel and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel were investigated under cartilage-on-PVA hydrogel contact, cartilage-on-cartilage contact and cartilage-on-stainless steel contact using pin-on-plate method. Tests under static load, cyclic load and 1 min load change were used to evaluate friction variations in reciprocating motion. The results showed that the lubrication property of cartilage-on-PVA hydrogel contact and cartilage-on-stainless steel contact were restored in both 1 min load change and cyclic load tests. The friction coefficient of PVA hydrogel decreased from 0.178 to 0.076 in 60 min, which was almost one-third of the value under static load in continuous sliding tests. In each test, the friction coefficient of cartilage-on-cartilage contact maintained far lower value than other contacts. It is indicated that a key feature of artificial cartilage is the biphasic lubrication properties.     

聚四氟蜡/聚氨酯复合涂层的摩擦磨损性能

采用MHK-500型摩擦磨损试验机和日本协和株式会社产CA-A型接触角仪分别研究了聚四氟蜡、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)/聚氨酯粘接固体润滑涂层的摩擦磨损性能和疏水性能;采用扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜分析了涂层磨损表面、对偶表面的磨损情况。结果表明,聚四氟蜡和PTFE都能提高聚氨酯涂层的疏水性和耐磨性能,降低涂层的摩擦系数。聚四氟蜡/聚氨酯粘接润滑涂层的耐磨性明显优于PTFE/聚氨酯粘接润滑涂层的耐磨性。同时,速度与负荷对聚四氟蜡/聚氨酯粘接涂层的摩擦磨损性能有很大影响。在低负荷、中高速试验条件下,它具有良好的减摩耐磨性能。     

SiCp/A356铝基复合材料的磨损性能研究

在干摩擦条件下,对SiC颗粒含量20％的铝基复合材料在2～20 MPa载荷和200 r/min、400 r/min的滑动摩擦速度下进行摩擦系数及磨损率变化分析,并结合对磨损表面的SEM和EDS分析,探讨了SiC颗粒增强铝基复合材料的性能,并建立了在不同载荷和速度下的摩擦磨损机理图.研究表明,当载荷和摩擦速度都相对较低时,磨损表面主要为轻微的磨粒磨损,并伴随氧化磨损.当载荷达到10 MPa时,会发生轻微磨损向严重磨损转变,逐渐出现剥层磨损.最后在载荷为20 MPa、摩擦速度为400 r/min时,材料表面产生严重的粘着磨损.     

Tribological behavior at elevated temperature of multilayer TiCN/TiC/TiN hard coatings produced by chemical vapor deposition

Multilayer hard coatings of TiCN/TiC/TiN on high speed steel substrates were deposited using a chemical vapor deposition system. Evaluations of microstructure, wear morphology of coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. Friction coefficient and wear rates of coatings were investigated using ball-on-disk tester sliding against a WC ball at a constant load of 20 N. Tribological behavior of the coatings at room and elevated temperature were discussed. Different changing tendency of friction coefficient were observed from ball-on-disc experiments. Results showed that the friction coefficient of coatings increased gradually to a highest value, then to a relatively constant value at room temperature dry sliding wear. The friction coefficient exhibited a reverse variation tendency at temperature of 550 °C. It got a higher value at the first sliding friction cycles. Then the value of friction coefficient decreased, suffered irregular oscillations and kept a relatively lower value with increasing sliding time. Reasons of the variation of friction coefficient with sliding time and wear mechanism were analyzed and discussed at room and elevated temperatures, respectively.     

Wear mechanisms of Ti(C, N) ceramic in sliding contact with stainless steel

Austenic stainless steel AISI 321 is one of the most difficult materials to cut. In order to investigate the wear behaviour of Ti(C, N) ceramic when cutting the stainless steel, wear tests were carried out on a pin-on-disc tribometer, which could simulate a real cutting process. The selected load range is 58.8–235.2 N; the selected speed range is 0.8–3.2 m s-1. The test results show that the wear of Ti(C, N) ceramic is mainly caused by adhesion between the rubbing surfaces; the wear increases with increasing load and increasing speed. When oil is used for lubrication, the friction coefficient of the sliding pairs and the wear rate of the ceramic are reduced. Scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis are used to examine the worn surfaces. The wear mechanisms of Ti(C, N) ceramic sliding against the stainless steel are discussed in detail. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Novel PVP/PVA hydrogels for articular cartilage replacement

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel has been considered as a very interesting and promising material for articular cartilage replacement. The most vital shortcoming of PVA hydrogels is that their mechanical properties are difficult to meet the requirements of articular cartilage. In the present work, blend hydrogels based on PVA and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were prepared by repeated freezing and thawing method. Such hydrogel had similar internal three-dimensional structure and water content (approximately 75%) as nature articular cartilage. The mechanical and tribological properties were investigated to find out that change of mechanical and tribological properties of PVP/PVA hydrogels were significantly dependent on PVP content and freezing–thawing cycles. The blend hydrogel with 1 wt.% PVP had the best mechanical properties and the friction system consisting of such blend hydrogel and stainless steel ball exhibited a mixed lubrication regime especially under bovine serum lubrication. The results established that such hydrogel would be a novel attractive material for articular cartilage replacement.     

(Mg2B2O5w+ND)/ZK60镁基复合材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

在湿球磨条件下以600 r/min高能球磨混粉,并将球磨后的粉末经过热压烧结-热挤压成型制备(Mg2B2O5w+ND)/ZK60镁基复合材料。研究了(Mg2B2O5w+ND)/ZK60镁基复合材料在不同载荷和转速下的干摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:干摩擦条件下,材料的摩擦系数随着滑动距离的增加会经历跑和阶段和稳定阶段;材料的质量磨损率随着转速的增大而降低,随着载荷的增大而增大,且基体镁合金的质量磨损率始终低于复合材料。随着摩擦载荷和转速的增加,材料的摩擦系数减小,然后逐渐趋于平稳。混杂增强的镁基复合材料相比基体合金具有更低的摩擦系数。     

Effectiveness of high-frequency ultrasonic peening treatment on the tribological characteristics of Cu-based sintered materials on steel substrate

The effects of high-frequency ultrasonic peening (HFUP) on the tribological characteristics of Cu-based materials sintered on low carbon steel by a powder metallurgy (P/M) technique were investigated. The friction and wear properties of the Cu-based materials were studied using a pin-on-disk reciprocating tribotester sliding against a hardened steel ball under dry and oil-lubricated conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to analyze the worn surfaces and to assess the wear mechanisms. Experimental results showed that the HFUP process led to a reduction in friction and wear of the Cu-based materials in both dry and oil-lubricated conditions. This was attributed to the increase in hardness of the HFUP treated specimen. It was also found that the friction coefficient was independent of the normal load but decreased with increasing sliding speed. In addition, inclusion of Fe in the Cu-based material was helpful in reduction of friction and wear. SEM analyses showed that abrasive wear was the dominant wear mechanism of the specimens. The results of this work demonstrate the effectiveness of HFUP in improving the tribological properties of Cu-based materials.     

Surface damage of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites under reciprocating sliding in ambient air

For many technical applications friction and wear are critical issues. Reinforced polymer-matrix composites are widely used under vibrating contact condition in various automotive and aerospace applications as well as in structural engineering. In this paper, the friction and wear of bulk epoxy and unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite have been investigated under reciprocating sliding against either alumina or stainless steel balls in ambient air. The effect of sliding direction with respect to the long and unidirectional carbon fibers has been studied. We demonstrate that the carbon fiber reinforcement greatly improves the tribological properties of the thermoset epoxy: it reduces the coefficient of friction and the debris formation. It was found that on sliding in the anti-parallel direction a more significant degradation takes place than in the parallel direction. The coefficient of friction measured on bulk epoxy sliding against either stainless steel or alumina is around 0.65, whereas the coefficient of friction measured on epoxy reinforced with carbon fibers is significantly lower, namely down to 0.11. It was found that sliding with a stainless steel ball in a direction parallel to the fiber orientation results in a lower coefficient of friction than sliding in anti-parallel direction. The reduced coefficient of friction is largely influenced by the carbon fiber reinforcement due to the auto-protecting film formed as a paste in the contact area and along the wear track edges. The relationship between friction and degradation of the composite material including surface wear and debris formation are discussed based on an in-depth analysis of the worn surfaces by optical and scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and white light interferometry.