鸟粪石沉淀法预处理中等浓度氨氮废水研究

采用鸟粪石沉淀法预处理中等浓度氨氮废水,考察磷源、镁源、pH、反应时间、药剂投加比对处理氨氮废水的影响。结果表明,处理初始浓度200 mg/L的模拟氨氮废水,当以Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O和MgCl_2·6H_2O作为投加药剂,反应pH为10.0,反应时间10 min时,n(N)∶n(P)在1∶0.8¹∶0.85之间,n(N)∶n(Mg)在1∶11∶0.85之间,n(N)∶n(Mg)在1∶1¹∶1.15之间有较好的处理效果。通过红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射仪等表征说明回收的产物为鸟粪石。采用该法预处理实际中等浓度氨氮废水,最佳n(N)∶n(P)∶n(Mg)摩尔比为1∶0.8∶1.05,处理后氨氮浓度符合企业所处化工园区的污水接管标准。     

鸟粪石沉淀法预处理中等浓度氨氮废水研究

采用鸟粪石沉淀法预处理中等浓度氨氮废水,考察磷源、镁源、pH、反应时间、药剂投加比对处理氨氮废水的影响。结果表明,处理初始浓度200 mg/L的模拟氨氮废水,当以Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O和MgCl_2·6H_2O作为投加药剂,反应pH为10.0,反应时间10 min时,n(N)∶n(P)在1∶0.8~1∶0.85之间,n(N)∶n(Mg)在1∶1~1∶1.15之间有较好的处理效果。通过红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射仪等表征说明回收的产物为鸟粪石。采用该法预处理实际中等浓度氨氮废水,最佳n(N)∶n(P)∶n(Mg)摩尔比为1∶0.8∶1.05,处理后氨氮浓度符合企业所处化工园区的污水接管标准。     

环戊烯氧化制戊二酸相转移催化剂的制备

以过氧化氢为氧化剂,采用反应控制相转移催化剂催化环戊烯选择氧化制备戊二酸,考察催化剂制备工艺、催化剂用量及反应物料配比对催化剂收率和催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,溶解钨酸最佳过氧化氢浓度为25%,n(钨酸)∶n(过氧化氢)=1∶10,75℃溶解50 min,催化剂制备过程中最佳溶剂为水,而整个制备体系中最好不使用任何有机溶剂,在催化剂最佳使用量为环戊烯质量的10%和n(过氧化氢)∶n(环戊烯)=4.15∶1条件下,戊二酸收率为95.6%。     

镍镁铝复合金属氧化物催化剂制备生物柴油

采用共沉淀法先制备镍镁铝类水滑石化合物,以其为前驱体经400℃煅烧后制得镍镁铝复合金属氧化物催化剂。研究了过渡金属含量、n(甲醇)∶n(大豆油)和反应温度对生物柴油转化率的影响。当n(Ni 2+)∶n(Mg2+)∶n(Al 3+)=0.64∶2.36∶1时,转化率最高,可达到92.8%。而n(甲醇)∶n(大豆油)=10∶1,w(催化剂)=4%,反应温度为65℃,反应时间4h是所得的最佳操作条件。研究出的镍镁铝复合金属氧化物可作为多相催化剂,具有生产生物柴油的潜力。     

2-氟-5-甲氧基苯甲醛的合成

以4-氟-3-甲基苯胺为原料,经重氮化、甲基化和溴化、水解等四步反应合成2-氟-5-甲氧基苯甲醛,产物的含量为99.176%(HPLC),总摩尔产率约37%,产物结构通过了1 H NMR和MS的验证。其中,重氮化酸性水解反应的最佳条件为n(4-氟-3-甲基苯胺)∶n(水)∶n(磷酸)∶n(五水硫酸铜)=1∶30∶4.0∶1.1,甲基化反应的最佳反应条件为n(4-氟-3-甲基苯酚)∶n(硫酸二甲酯)=1∶1.3,NaOH水溶液的质量浓度为20%,反应时间约为10h。该法具有生产成本低、反应条件温和、易于工业化生产等优点。     

响应面法优化MAP法处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

采用鸟粪石法对氧化铁红厂高氨氮废水进行处理,以p H、n(N)∶n(Mg)和n(N)∶n(P)为主要影响因素,通过响应面法对处理过程进行了优化设计,得到拟合程度高的二次响应曲面模型。预测的最佳实验条件:p H=9.40,n(N)∶n(Mg)∶n(P)=0.8∶1∶1,此条件下氨氮去除率为99.77%。通过对镁盐和磷酸盐投加量的分析得到,当n(N)∶n(Mg)∶n(P)=0.9∶1.25∶1时,出水氨氮能够达到排放标准的要求,且出水正磷酸盐浓度较低。SEM和XRD表征结果显示,所得沉淀物大部分为磷酸铵镁。     

3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基丙基三甲基氯化铵的合成及性质研究

以十六醇、环氧氯丙烷(EPIC)与三甲胺盐酸盐合成了阳离子表面活性剂3-十六烷氧基-2-羟基丙基三甲基氯化铵(HPAC)。中间体十六烷基缩水甘油醚最佳合成条件:n(十六醇)∶n(EPIC)=1∶1.8,反应时间4 h,温度50℃,NaOH的浓度为50%,四丁基溴化铵作催化剂;HPAC最佳合成条件:n(十六烷氧基缩水甘油醚)∶n(三甲胺盐酸盐)=1∶1,温度30℃,反应3 h,HPAC的收率可达96%。研究了其界面、抗菌、抑菌性质。     

L-2-氯丙酸的合成工艺研究

以L-2-氨基丙酸为起始原料,经过重氮化、氯化、萃取、减压精馏步骤制得手性2-氯丙酸,并考察了原料配比、反应温度、酸浓度对反应的影响。最佳工艺条件为:n(L-丙氨酸)∶n(亚硝酸钠)为1∶1.6,n(碳酸钠)∶n(L-丙氨酸)为1.2∶1,盐酸浓度为25%,反应温度为5℃,反应时间为8 h,在该条件下产品收率达72.0%,e.e.%值为97.6%~98.3%,比旋光度-14.6°。     

MAP法处理氨氮废水的研究

通过单因素变量实验研究了MAP法处理氨氮废水的处理效果,分析了反应温度、pH值、反应物投放比例和氨氮浓度对氨氮去除率的影响。实验表明,温度为30℃,pH=9.5～10,n(Mg2+)∶n(PO34-)∶n(NH4+)=1∶1.2∶1时,氨氮去除率分别达到最佳;在相同条件下,一定浓度范围内,随着氨氮浓度的增加,去除效果有增加的趋势。     

15％苄嘧·丙草胺泡腾片剂的研制及其药效试验

通过对原药及多种农药助剂和填料筛选试验和田间药效试验,从众多的助剂中筛选出15％苄嘧·丙草胺泡腾片剂的最佳配方,其配方为:苄嘧磺隆2％,丙草胺13％,润湿剂2.5％,分散剂4％,柠檬酸14.5％,碳酸氢钠16.5％,乳糖6％,硬脂酸镁2％,填料[m(白炭黑)∶m(膨润土)=1∶1]补充至100％.田间药效试验结果表明,...     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。