草菇纤维素酶系统的诱导、分布及初步定性

以蔗糖、果胶、羧甲基纤维素、木聚糖或稻草为碳源培养草菇(Volvariellavolvacea),并对它所产生的纤维素酶进行初步研究,发现纤维素酶系主要是由纤维素诱导产生.纤维素酶中的β 葡萄糖苷酶和纤维二糖酶分布在胞内,内切葡聚糖酶分布在胞外.β 葡萄糖苷酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适pH为6.6,在pH6.6～7.8时比较稳定,保温1h酶活的半衰温度是45℃.纤维二糖酶的最适反应温度为50℃、最适pH为5.8,在pH6.2最稳定,保温1h酶活的半衰温度是44℃.内切葡聚糖酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适pH为5.4,在pH6.6～7.0时比较稳定,保温1h酶活的半衰温度是58℃.     

以玉米芯为原料酶法制备低聚木糖的研究

以玉米芯为原料,在固液比1：10,NaOH 质量浓度4%,50℃条件下处理24h,木聚糖提取率为91．0%。利用木聚糖酶降解木聚糖制备低聚木糖,确立了最佳酶解工艺条件为：50℃,pH 4．8,木聚糖底物质量浓度 3．0%,每克底物的木聚糖酶用量为50IU,反应时间0．5h。在上述反应条件下,产品平均聚合度为3．61,低聚木糖得率为91．2%。该研究结果在可再生半纤维素资源利用方面具有重要的意义。     

毛壳霉木聚糖酶B（CsXyn11B）的分泌表达及其在面包中的应用

目的:对毛壳霉（Chaetomium sp.）CQ31木聚糖酶B（CsXyn11B）进行分泌表达,以提高产酶水平并探究在面包烘焙中的应用价值。方法:将木聚糖酶基因在毕赤酵母中表达,高密度发酵提高其产酶水平,对酶学性质进行表征并将其应用在面包烘焙中。结果:重组菌经高密度发酵156 h,木聚糖酶酶活力为2788 U/mL。CsXyn11B最适pH为8.0,最适温度为65 ℃。CsXyn11B能够水解多种木聚糖底物,对燕麦木聚糖、小麦阿拉伯木聚糖、榉木木聚糖和桦木木聚糖的比酶活分别为1145.8、1041.7、692.3和653.3 U/mg。该酶水解阿拉伯木聚糖,水解产物以聚合度4~6的低聚木糖为主。在面包制作过程中加入3 mg/kg CsXyn11B使面包比容增加15.9%,面包硬度降低25.3%,4 ℃贮藏2 d后硬度比对照组降低17%。结论:毛壳霉木聚糖酶B的优良酶学特性使其在烘焙食品中具有良好的应用前景。     

玉米皮纤维发酵裂褶菌的产酶分析及木聚糖酶基因克隆、表达和酶学性质测定

以玉米皮为唯一碳源培养裂褶菌,分别测定发酵液中半纤维素酶活性,结果显示木聚糖酶酶活为7.45U/mL、乙酰木聚糖酯酶酶活为3.41 U/mL、α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶和α-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶活相对较低,分别为0.44 U/mL和0.074 U/mL。根据酶活测定结果克隆了裂褶菌的木聚糖酶基因Xyn22,完成了该基因在大肠杆菌中的表达、重组蛋白纯化和性质研究。Xyn22的最适反应温度为40℃,当反应温度在45℃时其相对酶活在80%以上。Xyn22的最适pH为5.0,在4.5~6.5的范围内酶活均在80%左右。Xyn22在pH 3.0~10.5范围内较稳定,酶活保持在80%左右。Mg~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、EDTA和Hg~(2+)对酶活有很大的抑制作用,Hg~(2+)可以使Xyn22几乎完全失活。     

基因工程菌1020耐热木聚糖酶的纯化与性质

通过热变性处理和Ni-NTA层析分离纯化基因工程菌1020耐热木聚糖酶。对热变性条件优化,70℃处理30min效果,纯化倍数4.9;利用木聚糖酶C端6个His标记对Ni-NTA琼脂糖凝胶的结合性,一步层析得到电泳纯的木聚糖酶。酶的最适反应温度为110℃,具有高度耐热性,在70℃保温8h,酶活基本不变,100℃保温5h后,酶活残余40%;在pH6.0～10.0范围内都有较高的酶活性和稳定性。低浓度的异丙醇对酶反应有促进作用,Hg2+对酶反应有强抑制作用。该酶对燕麦木聚糖的Km为0.55mg/ml,Vmax=14.26μmol/min·mg。     

黑曲霉M_1菌株木聚糖酶复合酶的固态发酵条件及其酶学性质研究

以玉米芯和麸皮 ( 7∶3 )为碳源 ,(NH4) 2 SO4( 2 % )为氮源 ,3 0℃培养 72h ,发酵曲用蒸馏水3 0℃浸提 1h ,得到 β 1,4 木聚糖酶活力高 ,β 木糖苷酶活力低的粗酶液。β 1,4 木聚糖酶和 β 木糖苷酶的最适作用温度分别为 5 0℃和 60℃ ,最适作用pH分别为 4 8和 4 0 ,β 1,4 木聚糖酶在pH5 0～ 10 6范围内稳定 ,β 木糖苷酶在 pH 3 0～ 3 0范围内稳定。β 木糖苷酶的热稳定性比 β 1,4 木聚糖酶高     

顶青霉木聚糖酶的纯化与性质

从顶青霉(Pencillium corylophilum)P-3-31培养液中分离到3种木聚糖酶组分,分别称为PartA、PartB和PartC.PartB进一步纯化,经SDS-PAGE鉴定为单带,相对分子质量为24200;PartC进一步纯化,经SDS-PAGE鉴定也是单带,相对分子质量为48300.PartA和PartB的最适反应条件为pH4.0,45℃;PartC的最适反应条件为pH5.5,55℃.PartA和PartB对木聚糖以外的底物不能水解;PartC具有水解CMC的交叉活性和β-木糖苷酶活性,但不能将木二糖水解成木糖.3个纯化酶组分和粗酶对不同来源的木聚糖底物均表现出不同的活性.对于粗酶,若桦木木聚糖为底物的相对酶活为100%,则玉米芯木聚糖为底物的相对酶活为143%,蔗渣木聚糖为底物的相对酶活为124%.     

不同原料酶法制备低聚木糖的研究及成分分析

对木聚糖酶的酶学特性进行了研究,同时以甘蔗渣、玉米芯、麸皮、啤酒槽为原料酶解制备低聚木糖并对其酶解液的还原糖含量和主要成分进行了分析。结果表明:该木聚糖酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH为5.0;同时在温度为40～60℃和pH为6的情况下,木聚糖酶具有较好的稳定性。在最佳酶解条件下,采用木聚糖酶酶解甘蔗渣、玉米芯、麸皮、啤酒槽中的木糖,通过测定酶解液中的还原糖含量以分析木聚糖的水解度,结果表明,麸皮中木聚糖的水解度最高,为21.19mg/mL;其它依次为啤酒糟、玉米芯、蔗渣。采用高效液相色谱法对4种不同原料的木聚糖酶水解产物进行分析,结果显示:啤酒糟的酶解产物中木二糖和木三糖的相对含量最高,分别为13%、26.7%,其他依次为玉米芯、麸皮、甘蔗渣。     

毕赤酵母液态木聚糖酶的酶学特性研究

研究了毕赤酵母液态木聚糖酶的部分酶学特性,包括其最适温度、最适pH、温度稳定性和热失活动力学、pH稳定性和pH失活动力学,以及金属离子、有机溶剂对毕赤酵母液态木聚糖酶酶活特性的影响。结果表明,毕赤酵母液态木聚糖酶的最适温度为55℃、最适pH为pH5.6;温度为25℃时,pH5.6-6.4该液态木聚糖酶失活速率缓慢。毕赤酵母液态木聚糖酶在50℃以下在150 min内比较稳定的,70℃在30 min内几乎全部失活。Cu2+,Zn2+,Fe3+表现为不同程度的抑制作用。Mn2+,Mg2+对木聚糖有激活作用。乙醇和甘油对毕赤酵母液态木聚糖酶有轻微的抑制作用,蔗糖和Vc对毕赤酵母液态木聚糖酶有不同程度的激活作用。     

极耐热性阿拉伯糖苷酶在木糖制备中的应用

阿拉伯糖苷酶作为木聚糖降解的限速酶之一,在植物残体的生物转化、食品加工、饲料工业以及纸浆漂白中具有广泛的应用潜力。实验中选择pET—28a作为表达载体,优化核糖体结合位点RBS与起始密码子ATG间距离,使来自海栖热袍菌(Thermotoga maritima)极耐热性阿拉伯糖苷酶得到高效表达,重组酶蛋白经一步热处理后纯度达到90%以上;木聚糖酶解试验结果表明,阿拉伯糖苷酶和木聚糖酶间存在协同作用;阿拉伯糖苷酶与木聚糖酶和β-木糖苷酶联合水解木聚糖能明显提高酶解产物中木糖含量,因此,开发极耐热性阿拉伯糖苷酶在酶法制备木糖中的应用具有重要的经济效益和社会效益。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.