质子放疗过程中射束与人眼体作用的蒙特卡罗模拟计算

选用62MeV质子束,构建了人眼体MCNPX模型,模拟计算了质子束放疗过程中人眼体模型的剂量分布。模拟中考虑了两种情况：1）理想的治疗情况,肿瘤区的剂量值为50.03Gy,在有效的治疗水平上,同时其他组织受量都在可接受的剂量范围内;2）最坏的治疗情况,即模拟病人在放疗期间直视射束时的剂量分布,结果大部分剂量都沉积在了角膜、晶状体和前房,而肿瘤区的剂量为零。计算结果与有关文献报道的结果相吻合,初步证实了MCNPX程序能很好的模拟质子放疗,可用于病人放疗计划,而最坏治疗情况中的模拟结果可用于临床医学事故的剂量重建。     

肿瘤介入治疗源剂量分布的 Monte Carlo模拟与分析

应用Monte Carlo方法计算了介入治疗源的剂量场分布，模拟了粒子在生物组织中的输运过程，研究了^125Ⅰ辐射源的几何特性以及介质的均匀性，分析了这些因素对剂量分布的影响。     

BNCT中载能粒子对肿瘤细胞损伤效应的Monte Carlo模拟及分析

为更好地了解硼中子俘获治疗(Boron neutron capture therapy,BNCT)中载能粒子穿过单个细胞引起的生物学效应以及理解在细胞或亚细胞水平上的微观剂量分布,采用Monte Carlo程序模拟载能粒子在人体细胞中的输运过程,给出了α粒子垂直细胞表面入射时的射程分布、径迹结构及靶损伤情况,同时模拟分析了^10B位于细胞中不同位置时主要载能粒子(α粒子和^7Li离子)在细胞中能量沉积情况和相应的细胞损伤与存活情况,为BNCT的微剂量研究提供了初步的理论依据。     

自由结构PET在束监测碳离子治疗剂量成像过程研究

In-beam PET 成像为碳离子、质子等粒子放射治疗提供了一种非侵入式的实时剂量监测方法。本文设计自由结构的in-beam PET模型,包括环形、C型、双平板型和直角型PET,并在蒙特卡罗模拟平台GATE上仿真碳离子打靶的in-beam PET成像过程。该PET包含32个探测模块,通过自由组合的方式形成探测视野相近、适用于人体或小动物体不同部位的碳离子治疗剂量成像。每个探测模块由20×20的硅酸钇镥晶体阵列耦合硅光电倍增管构成。单个晶体大小为1.5 mm×1.5 mm×10 mm,像素为1.6 mm。在蒙特卡罗模拟平台GATE中仿真230 MeV/u的碳离子笔形束轰击聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）靶体和在束PET成像过程,得到正电子核素分布后通过MLEM算法得到PET断层图像。结果显示,图像峰位的变化反映了正电子活度峰位的移动,表明自由结构PET可用于在束监测碳离子治疗剂量分布。使用八探头平板型在束PET成像实验和仿真进行对比,其图像一维谱峰值均为27 mm,验证了自由结构PET模型用于在束监测碳离子治疗剂量成像可行。     

强流负离子束系统的数值模拟研究

为了辅助设计下一代受控核聚变装置所要求的高能、大功率中性束注入器,我们根据负离子-中性束注入系统的特点,建立了数值模拟负离子束系统的物理模型和计算程序,并进行了数值模拟研究。与数值模拟正离子束系统的物理模型相比,该物理模型包含了更多的物理过程,如需要利用磁场来偏转与负离子一起引出的电子,以提高系统效率;为此就必须考虑等离子体电子横越磁场的扩散并包含由离了源等离子体引出的负离子和电子在电磁场共同作用下的运动行为以及相关等离子体参数对粒子初始发射的影响;也包含了束内部空间电荷非线性力和负离子在输运过程中的剥离损失等物理现象。在进行的数值模拟研究中,对系统的几何尺寸及电磁     

核辐射测井中的Monte Carlo数值模拟

数值模拟技术为核辐射测井的研究提供了新的思想方法和工作方法,大大提高核辐射测井的研究水准.在核辐射测井的数值模拟技术中,Monte Carlo模拟技术是应用最为成功的技术之一.本文根据多年的核辐射测井研究得出,Monte Carlo数值模拟技术可以应用于核辐射测井基本物理问题,方法的可行性、仪器物理设计、新应用方法和算法研究、测井解释模型建立、校正图版制作等方面.Monte Carlo数值模拟技术为核辐射测井方法的研究带来崭新空间.     

低能电磁扫描IMRT光子注量分布M-C模拟

电磁扫描调强是用电子笔束轰击离散分布的靶点,产生脉冲化X线光子束,是实现调强放疗的技术方案之一。本文主要是考察当电子加速能量为低中能时,从可产生的光子注量分布的角度,来探讨低能电磁扫描调强技术的可行性。通过Monte Carlo模拟,计算了不同能量的电子笔束轰击靶材料产生的光子笔束注量分布,以确定较优的靶材料及其几何结构。然后计算不同靶点密度下的光子注量分布,确定合适的入射靶点间隔。最后,以两种常规放射治疗最常用的注量分布为例,通过最优化电子笔束强度来获得所要的注量分布。模拟结果表明,通过选用合适的靶材料结构,结合对电子轰击靶点的强度的最优化,可以实现临床要求的常规光子注量分布。     

基于E语言的MCNP的自主建模软件的研制

MCNP(Monte Carlo N-Particle Code)是基于蒙特卡罗运算方法的以中子、光子等多种粒子为对象的运动过程模拟的计算程序。由于它强大的运算模拟,灵活并可通用的特性在众多领域中得到了广泛的应用,但同时由于软件的专业性,在操作方面得到了极大限制,使其在以后的发展中受到了极大阻碍。研究旨在利用E语言环境来研制MCNP的自主建模软件,用于解决使用者由于对MCNP的不熟悉而导致无法建立目标模型,摆脱呆板繁琐的"记事本"式的编程键入,提供一个新的MCNP建模环境。     

C276合金的抗辐照性能研究

C276合金为包壳部件的候选材料之一，本文拟对其抗辐照性能进行研究。对C276合金进行质子及多束粒子辐照，利用纳米硬度仪、透射电镜、拉曼成像仪等研究了C276合金在辐照前后的试样。结果表明：在质子及多束粒子辐照下，辐照损伤区域发生C偏析和位错环硬化；在H或He单束辐照条件下，在35.0 μm或3.5 μm深度处，拉曼光谱中的碳峰相对强度较大且碳峰红移，引起此处的纳米硬度较其他深度处的高；试验得到的损伤峰对应的深度与模拟计算得到的吻合。可推知，C276合金在质子及多束粒子下的辐照硬化是辐照偏析及可能的位错环硬化综合作用的结果。     

基于Monte Carlo方法的释光测年剂量率误差估计

在释光年代学上,剂量率代表样品埋藏过程中单位时间内吸收的辐射剂量,其估计直接影响到埋藏年代的可靠性。误差传递公式(Quadratic propagation of uncertainty)常用于剂量率误差估计。由于计算剂量率涉及到众多参数复杂的非线性运算,造成基于误差传递公式的误差估计过程繁琐复杂。本文以粗颗粒石英矿物为例介绍了剂量率计算过程及误差估计方法,使用蒙特卡罗误差传递法(Monte Carlo error propagation)模拟了剂量率计算过程中多参数不确定性耦合误差,编写了执行随机剂量率模拟运算的开源R程序,并通过实测数据展示了该技术的应用。相对于应用误差传递公式法估计剂量率误差,Monte Carlo方法具有直观灵活、简便科学的特点,这种随机策略在分析科学领域具有广泛的适用性。     

基于Geant4-DNA工具包的单能电子微剂量学模拟研究

应用Geant4－DNA工具包分析和评估了不同物理过程影响因素对低能电子在液态水中的影响,为建立放射治疗与辐射防护所关心的微剂量学基本数据库提供理论支撑。在最新版本的Geant4中,Geant4-DNA工具包中共有7个物理模型可模拟电子在液态水中的输运。根据不同模型的特点,本文选择其中5个适用的模型来模拟单能入射电子(0.1～20 keV)在液态水中的输运过程;比较各模型记录的径迹结构具体信息,包括相互作用过程总次数、电离和激发次数及相应沉积能量占比等;分析Geant4-DNA选项模型、抽样位点小球半径及相互作用过程等因素对线能均值的影响。模拟结果显示:“option0”与“option2” 之间、“option4”与“option5”之间的模拟结果基本吻合;由于各个模型相互作用截面的不同,“option2”、“option4”和“option6”的径迹信息及线能均值均存在差异;模型对线能均值的影响随着抽样位点小球半径的增大而减小。本工作通过设置不同输运控制条件较全面地比较了Geant4-DNA工具包中的不同选项模型,对用户根据需要选择合适的模型模拟单能电子有帮助和指导作用,为完善电子在液态水中的微剂量学数据库并用于评估电离辐射在微观尺度的生物学效应提供依据。     

Plastic scintillator investigations for relative dosimetry in proton-therapy

Plastic organic scintillators, polyvinyltoluene based, can be used with high sensitivity to detect 1–60 MeV proton beams. Thin scintillators can be applied to proton-therapy field as relative dosimeter thanks to their water-equivalent nature, high energy–light conversion efficiency, low dimensions and good proportionality to the absorbed dose at low stopping powers. Unfortunately, the quenching effect limits the use of the scintillators at high stopping powers. Moreover, they show a negligible radiation damage at the typical proton doses used in radiotherapy. Preliminary results have been obtained detecting in air both 60 MeV therapeutically proton beam at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Villigen-Zurich) and 24 MeV proton beam, at the Laboratorio Nazionale del Sud (LNS, Catania).     

大型工业电子束脱硫脱硝装置辐射等效剂量场模拟与系统参数优化

为优化大型工业电子束脱硫脱硝装置和配套大功率电子加速器工程参数,应用Geant4模拟分析了不同出射能量的单能电子束在烟气中的径迹和偏转后电子束在烟气中的等效剂量场。计算得到1.75 MeV电子束更符合1 000 MWe级火电机组烟气系统工程设计需要,计算结果将为工业化设计提供参考。     

Validation of recent Geant4 physics models for application in carbon ion therapy

Cancer treatment with energetic carbon ions has distinct advantages over proton or photon irradiation. In this paper we present a simulation model integrated into the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit (version 9.3) which enables the use of ICRU 73 stopping powers for ion transport calculations. For a few materials, revised ICRU 73 stopping power tables recently published by ICRU (P. Sigmund, A. Schinner, H. Paul, Errata and Addenda: ICRU Report 73 (Stopping of Ions Heavier than Helium), International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 2009) were incorporated into Geant4, also covering media like water which are of importance in radiotherapeutical applications. We examine, with particular attention paid to the recent developments, the accuracy of current Geant4 models for simulating Bragg peak profiles of ¹²C ions incident on water and polyethylene targets. Simulated dose distributions are validated against experimental data available in the literature, where the focus is on beam energies relevant to ion therapy applications (90-400 MeV/u). A quantitative analysis is performed which addresses the precision of the Bragg peak position and proportional features of the dose distribution. It is shown that experimental peak positions can be reproduced within 0.2% of the particle range in the case of water, and within 0.9% in the case of polyethylene. The comparisons also demonstrate that the simulations accurately render the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the measured Bragg peaks in water. For polyethylene slight deviations from experimental peak widths are partly attributed to systematic effects due to a simplified geometry model adopted in the simulation setup.     

新型平板电离室的研制与初步测试北大核心CSCD

研制一款同时测量质子束流与剂量的平板电离室。利用基于有限元分析的Ansys模拟软件和Geant4蒙特卡罗软件对电离室电场分布、等效水厚度、不同能量质子束穿过电离室后的横向散射等参数进行模拟,进而优化电离室结构。并利用YXLON 450 kV X射线管、6 MeV脉冲加速器与北京大学串列加速器对电离室进行初步测试,电离室运行稳定,射线位置二维分布信息采集准确,性能良好。     

辐射加工级电子束量热计设计

为设计一种可以用于测量辐射加工级电子束吸收剂量的量热计,采用高纯石墨为吸收体,发泡聚苯乙烯（EPS）为绝热层材料,结合MCNP吸收剂量模拟结果设计各个部分的结构,利用ANSYS模拟分析软件进行热分析,确定各个部分的具体尺寸。以此量热计为基础,在某公司的10 MeV电子加速器下进行实验,采用microK250高精密测温电桥测量电阻阻值,获得10 MeV标称能量下的电子束吸收剂量的测量结果,得到吸收体被照射时间变化与吸收剂量的比例关系。探讨量热计准确性的影响因素,在能量为10 MeV时测量电子束吸收剂量的总不确定度为1.43,本研究结果可为辐射加工级电子束的吸收剂量测量提供参考。     

Gate/Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulation for calculation of dose distribution of 400 MeV/u carbon ion beam and fragments in water

The applications of carbon ion beam in tumor therapy have attracted more attention in recent years.Monte Carlo simulation is an important approach to obtain accurate radiotherapy parameters. In this work, a400 Me V/u carbon ion beam incident on water phantom was simulated with Gate/Geant4 tools. In methods, the authors set up a carbon ion beam source according to the experiment parameters of Haettner, defined the geometries and materials, set up the physics processes, and designed the means of information collection. In results,the authors obtained the longitudinal dose distribution, the lateral dose distribution, and the relative uncertainty of dose. The dose contributions of all kinds of fragments were calculated detailedly and compared with the Francis results. This work is helpful for people's understanding of the dose distributions produced by carbon ion beam and fragments in water. The simulation method is also significative for radiotherapy treatment planning of carbon ion beam, and it is easy to extend. For obtaining a special result, we may change the particle energy, particle type,target material, target geometry, physics process, detector,etc.     

Energy loss of degrader in SC200 proton therapy facility

The proton beam energy determines the range of particles and thus where the dose is deposited. According to the depth of tumors, an energy degrader is needed to modulate the proton beam energy in proton therapy facilities based on cyclotrons, because the energy of beam extracted from the cyclotron is fixed. The energy loss was simulated for the graphite degrader used in the beamline at the superconducting cyclotron of 200 MeV in Hefei(SC200). After adjusting the mean excitation energy of the graphite used in the degrader to 76 eV, we observed an accurate match between the simulations and measurements.We also simulated the energy spread of the degraded beam and the transmission of the degrader using theoretical formulae. The results agree well with the Monte Carlo simulation.     

Verification of the Dose Distributions With GEANT4 Simulation for Proton Therapy

A GEANT4-based simulation of an irradiation system for proton therapy has been developed for the verification of dose distributions. The simulation represents the treatment room and beam irradiation system at the Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center (HIBMC). The beam irradiation system consists of a lateral beam-spreading system and a range modulating system, which enable a three-dimensional dose distribution to be achieved. The simulation was carried out for proton beams at the isocentric gantry nozzle for therapeutic energies of 150, 190, and 230 MeV. The simulated distributions were compared to measured dose distributions obtained by using a water phantom at the isocenter. This arrangement simulates the practical aspects of the beam irradiation of a patient. The validation of the simulation was performed in proton range for important materials in the beam line, and in the lateral uniformity of the radiation field at the isocenter. Dose distributions based on GEANT4 were verified with measurements of the Bragg peak and the spread-out Bragg peak. This verification shows that the simulations are in good agreement with measurements.