新型酸性镀铜添加剂及光亮剂简介

0前言 全光亮酸性镀铜层韧性和镀液光亮整平性良好,沉积速度较快,在塑料电镀金属铜-镍-铬装饰性电镀、印刷板孔金属化电镀以及电镀中占有重要的位置.要达到良好的效果和充分发挥其长处,关键在于光亮剂.国内外在开展酸性镀铜光亮剂的研究方面,重在研究硫脲衍生物,并探讨了其他染料以及含羟基的杂环化合物和聚醚化合物等光亮剂和整平剂,取得了明显的效果.     

印制线路板酸性镀铜组合添加剂的工艺性能

目前,酸性镀铜难以满足高端PCB生产需要,在酸性电镀溶液中加入组合添加剂FX-203制备电镀铜层,采用霍尔槽法、电化学、SEM和XRD等研究了该添加剂对镀层质量、镀液性能的影响。结果表明：随着FX-203加入量的增大,镀层光亮区和镀液分散能力先增大后减小。该体系适宜的工艺条件：75g／L CuSO4·5H2O,180g...     

钢铁酸性直接镀铜工艺

钢铁酸性直接镀铜工艺具有节能、环保双重优点.采用250 mL赫尔槽和加热急冷等方法,研究了组合添加荆GB-93在钢铁酸性直接镀铜中对镀层光亮范围、孔隙率、阴极电流效率、镀液深镀能力和镀层与基体结合力的影响.结果表明,通过加入GB-93添加剂,可在钢铁基体上直接电镀出光亮、结合力好的酸性铜层,可用于管件、盲孔件、铸铁件,也可用于滚镀或继续加厚其他镀层.酸性直接镀铜工艺解决了钢铁在碱性无氰镀铜中因钝化而导致结合力不良的问题,亦解决了钢铁管状件在电镀酸铜时内孔易出现铜粉的难题,可以代替剧毒的氰化铜预镀工艺.试验获得最佳工艺条件:20 g/L CuSO4·5H2O,40 g/L H2SO4,15mL/LGB-93A主剂 ,15 mL/L GB-93B助光剂,阴极电流电流密度0.8 A/dm2,温度30℃,电镀时间3 min.在上述工艺条件下,可以得到较高的阴极电流效率和良好的结合力.     

新书介绍

《电镀添加剂总论》是由国际著名的表面处理专家方景礼教授查阅大量文献资料，结合他多 年对电镀添加剂的研究与实践经验，历经十年心血之著作。这是一本全面而系统的讲述电镀 添加剂的书，极具收藏价值。不论是从事添加剂研究、开发还是进行添加剂的生产应用，都 值得一读。全书共分15章，内容如下：第一章 配位离子电解沉积的基本过程第二章 有机添加剂的阴极还原第三章 光亮电镀理论第四章 整平作用与整平剂第五章 表面活性剂及其在电镀中的作用第六章 添加剂对镀膜性能的影响第七章 电镀前处理用添加剂第八章 镀镍添加剂第九章 镀铜添加…     

电镀Zn-Ni合金研究进展与应用现状

Zn-Ni合金镀层以其良好的耐蚀性、低氢脆性而成为替代锌镀层和镉镀层的优良镀层.本文介绍了电镀Zn-Ni合金的应用现状,分析对比了酸性体系和碱性体系电镀Zn-Ni合金的特点,重点概括了碱性Zn-Ni合金镀液体系中配位剂和添加剂的研究进展,并对电镀Zn-Ni合金未来的发展进行了展望.     

稀土添加剂在光亮酸性镀铜中的应用

稀土元素由于具有独特的原子结构,其优异性能在金属表面处理领域中已得到越来越广泛的应用。 光亮硫酸盐镀铜,由于具有低成本、全光亮的优点,所以在装饰性电镀中被广泛应用,但是它存在着几个较大的缺点,就是孔隙率较大,在空气中极易变色,影响着产品总体镀层的耐蚀性能,为了克服这些缺点,往往采用增厚镀铜层的办法,这样既费时,又费料,特别是在电镀自动线上,由于工艺程序设计固定,往往在进入下一道工序之前,镀铜层产生变色,影响镀层的质量。添加稀土添加剂进行光亮酸性镀铜,能降低镀铜层的孔隙率,提高镀层的抗变色能力和耐蚀性,特别是对镀件总体复合镀层抗蚀能力的提高有十分明显的效果,具有十分重要的现实意义。1 实验 镀铜基础液取自某滚镀厂生产自动线10 m~3光亮酸性镀铜液,其原料都是工业级,工艺按常规工艺配方配制,自行配制光亮剂,稀土添加剂(自制),由稀土材料与相应的辅助材料混合配制而成。     

锌合金压铸件缎面装饰电镀

介绍了锌合金压铸件缎面装饰电镀的予镀、加厚镀层工艺体系的选择和控制以及整个电镀工艺过程．提出了采用柠檬酸盐预镀镍，用HEDP镀铜锡合金进行加厚，其镀层无孔隙，从而为下步酸性镀亮镍、铬时，防止锌基体被腐蚀，并使之顺利地获得镀覆，提供了可靠的保证。     

酸性镀铜光亮剂2—四氢噻唑硫酮的测定

2—四氢噻唑硫酮系酸性光亮镀铜添加剂,它已广泛用于电镀工业,它能使镀层具有良好的整平性,延展性与光亮度,且有电流密度大,无公害等特点。本文介绍2—四氢噻唑硫酮的快速化学测定法。     

中国电镀协会开展电镀添加剂质量检测评比活动

为进一步提高电镀添加剂质量,更好地为电镀生产服务,中国电镀协会与中国电镀测试中心决定于今年下半年组织一次全国性的电镀添加剂质量检测评比活动。检测评比范围是镀锌、镀镍、镀铜、镀镍铁合金等各种类型的添加剂以及各种除油清洗剂。检测项目有十多个性能指标。凡送检样品经检测后由中国电镀测试中心出据测试报告,对优质产品由中国电镀协会在全行业内进行宣传推广,扩大其产品的影响。欢迎广大生产厂家积极参加,送检样品     

谈谈硫酸盐光亮镀铜的磷铜阳极

论述了磷酸盐光亮镀铜磷铜阳极中的磷的作用。对比了国内外酸性镀铜工艺磷铜阳极中磷含量的差异。指出在装饰性和印制线路板电镀中,酸性光亮镀铜的阳极最佳含磷量为0．035％－0．075％,磷化铜（Cu3P)黑膜的生成对阳极性能、工艺稳定及镀层质量有显著作用。最后说明了电镀中的注意要点。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。