绿水评估方法研究进展

在回顾绿水量计算方法的基础上,阐述了水分平衡法、植物生理学法、微气象学法、模型法、遥感法及仪器法的适用条件和特点,认为遥感信息支持下的微气象学法和模型法实际可操作性更大;提出了绿水计算面临的两个关键问题是时间和空间尺度、生产性绿水与非生产性绿水的分离,分析了气候变化和下垫面景观变化对绿水评估的影响,同时展望了绿水评估对水资源一体化管理的应用前景。     

Flavia Rocha Loures and Alistair Rieu-Clarke (eds), The UN Watercourses Convention in force: strengthening international law for transboundary water management

Abstract

The MODSIM 8.0 decision support system (DSS) for integrated river basin management (IRBM) has been adapted from a prior appropriation rights-based system to one found in Korea and in much of Asia where water deficits are shared among water use sectors, taking into account priorities established by water policy and institutional frameworks. The Korean version called KModSim is applied to the Geum River basin for evaluation of long-term sustainability of existing and new water infrastructure and facilities under integrated, basin-wide water resources management. KModSim is calibrated to the physical and hydrologic characteristics of the basin, as well as to operational and administrative water allocation policies for municipal and industrial water supply, irrigation, hydropower, transbasin diversions, and low-flow augmentation for environmental purposes. Conditional reservoir operational rules that adapt to changing river basin hydrologic conditions are developed from an implicit stochastic optimization algorithm and incorporated using the extensive user-customization capabilities of KModSim. Results demonstrate that decision guidance under KModSim enhances beneficial water uses in the Geum River system through fully integrated, basin-wide management.     

A Comparison of Modelling Systems for the Development and Revision of Water Resources Management Plans

In this paper, two modelling systems used for the simulation of water resources management are compared. These modelling systems can be used in the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive or to perform any other kind of integrated assessment with regard to water resources management. In such investigations the use of models is inevitable, as integrated water resources management demands the survey of large areas as well as the inclusion of the different functions of the water cycle and water utilisation processes. Water quantity data provides important input for hydro-chemical, hydro-ecological or hydro-economic models. If no significant water resources management activities are realised in the basin under study, these data can be provided by simple rainfall-runoff models. If significant water resources management activities are realised or planned, the effects of these water resources management activities must be taken into consideration. Then, however, the use of water resources management models becomes necessary. Two such modelling systems, WRAP and WBalMo, are compared. Both have been designed for the development and revision of water resources management plans. Due to different approaches regarding the modelling routines the models lead to different results in the calculation of water quantities. By tracking the simulation algorithms, an understanding of the detected differences becomes possible. By adapting the spatial configuration of the modelled system, equivalent results can be obtained.     

水资源管理产生、范畴与变革

以自然界水文循环为基础,以水与人类社会的关系为主线,系统分析了水资源及水资源管理的内涵,揭示了水资源管理产生与发展历程,对我国目前存在的水资源管理深层次问题进行了分析与思考,在此基础上构建了相对完整的水资源管理模型。针对目前面临的水资源短缺状况,分析了水资源管理的模式与内容及其发展趋势。     

Optimal Operation of Artificial Groundwater Recharge Systems Considering Water Quality Transformations

In water limited areas as water demand increases alternative sustainable water sources must be identified. One supply augmentation practice, that is already being applied in the arid southwest U.S., is artificial groundwater recharge usingwastewater effluent. The objective of a recharge facility is to supplement the available groundwater resources by storing water for the future. The resulting reclaimed water is used primarily for non-potable purposes but under increasing stressesshifting to potable use is likely to happen. Water quality thenbecomes a more pressing concern. Water quality improvements during infiltration and groundwater transport are significant and are collectively described as soil-aquifer treatment (SAT). To meet user needs, the recharge operation must be efficiently managed considering monetary, water quality and environmental concerns. In this paper, a SAT management model is developed that considers all of these concerns. Within the SAT management model, the shuffled complex evolution algorithm (SCE) is used as the optimization tool. SCEis a relatively new meta-heuristic search technique for continuousproblems that has been used extensively for hydrologic model calibration. In this application, SCE is integrated with the simulation models (MODFLOW, MT3D, and MODPATH) to represent movement and quality transformations. Two steady state case studies on a general hypothetical aquifer (modeled after a field site) were examined using the management model.     

水资源账户的建立与应用研究

为了补充和完善综合环境经济核算体系,进一步改进现代水利统计体系,实现水资源一体化管理,完成自然资源核算中水资源的核算部分,目前,对水资源环境经济核算方面的研究工作逐渐展开。作为水资源环境经济核算的重要组成部分,水资源账户的建立十分必要。基于水资源环境经济核算体系,介绍了水资源账户建立的背景、构架、核心管理问题和各账户编制内容以及账户建立的关键问题等,提出了水资源账户建立的一般思路,可为区域、流域水资源账户的编制提供参考。     

长江流域水资源开发保护中的关键科学和技术问题

为了应对长江流域水资源开发保护面临的新要求和新挑战,对所涉及的关键科学和技术问题进行了探讨。研究表明,新时期下的长江流域水资源开发保护需要具有整体性和系统性的水问题治理目标和模式,其中涉及到的关键科学与技术问题包括:气候变化和人类活动等多因素影响下四水问题耦合驱动机制、水环境与水资源开发保护及经济社会发展的相互作用关系、四水问题多维系统治理与保护技术及集成方法和协调多利益主体的水资源多目标协同保护与开发管理体制机制。对上述关键科学和技术问题进行了解析和阐释,总体而言需要从理论、技术和管理等多个层面进行解决。研究成果可为长江大保护与长江经济带绿色发展战略的实施提供理论支撑。     

长江经济带取排水口和应急水源布局规划研究

针对长江经济带沿江存在部分取水口和入河排污口布局不合理、应急供水保障能力不足、水资源管理制度不完善等问题,对长江经济带沿江取水口、排污口、应急水源和水质现状进行了调查。在调查分析的基础上,从长江经济带绿色发展的总体国家战略要求出发,通过合理设置分区,优化取水口、排污口空间布局,避免取水口、排污口分布交叉重叠,并以问题为导向,提出了重点河段、重点城市取水口、排污口以及应急水源布局规划的总体思路。可为新形势下城市取水口、排污口和应急水源的合理布局和规范管理提供参考。     

基于气象模式的汉江流域洪水预报系统

针对现行洪水预报方法的不足与汉江流域的特点,建立了汉江流域MM5气象预报模式和VIC分布式水文模型,耦合集成3种预报模式并开发了基于气象模式的汉江流域洪水预报系统。应用2005~2007年汛期日水文气象资料进行验证,结果表明所建VIC分布式水文模型具有较高的模拟与预报精度。基于气象模式的汉江流域洪水预报系统可为汉江流域的中长期水文预报和水资源综合管理提供技术支撑和决策参考。     

Streamflow Forecast and Reservoir Operation Performance Assessment Under Climate Change

This study attempts to investigate potential impacts of future climate change on streamflow and reservoir operation performance in a Northern American Prairie watershed. System Dynamics is employed as an effective methodology to organize and integrate existing information available on climate change scenarios, watershed hydrologic processes, reservoir operation and water resource assessment system. The second version of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis Coupled Global Climate Model is selected to generate the climate change scenarios with daily climatic data series for hydrologic modeling. Watershed-based hydrologic and reservoir water dynamics modeling focuses on dynamic processes of both streamflow generation driven by climatic conditions, and the reservoir water dynamics based on reservoir operation rules. The reliability measure describes the effectiveness of present reservoir operation rules to meet various demands which are assumed to remain constant for the next 100 years in order to focus the study on the understanding of the structure and the behaviour of the water supply. Simulation results demonstrate that future climate variation and change may bring more high-peak-streamflow occurrences and more abundant water resources. Current reservoir operation rules can provide a high reliability in drought protection and flood control.     

黄河水量统一调度与调水调沙对河口的生态水文影响

从具有生态学意义的流量、频率、出现时间、持续时间和变化率等5种水文要素出发，采用水文变化指标体系定量评估了黄河水量统一调度与调水调沙对河口段生态水文情势的影响，讨论了河口环境水流需求以及调水调沙后水文情势对环境水流的满足程度。研究结果表明，与水量统一调度前相比，水量统一调度与调水调沙后利津断面水文情势有所改善，年极小值流量明显增加，但是水文过程变化率降低，洪水漫滩过程消失，水文过程趋于平缓。目前河口段水文情势能够满足枯水期适宜生态流量需求，汛前4—5月关键期无法满足适宜生态流量与流量脉冲过程，汛期除缺乏洪水脉冲过程外，基本能够满足高流量输沙需求。     

Rules for Optimal Operation of Reservoir-River-Groundwater Systems Considering Water Quality Targets: Application of M5P Model

The aim of this paper is to develop rules for optimal reservoir operation and water withdrawal from river and aquifer considering water supply and pollution control targets. The general approach is making use of an integrated water quantity-quality management (IWQM) modeling in conjunction with accurate data mining techniques. The IWQM model generates data, including; optimal releases and water withdrawal from river and aquifer for different conditions, and M5P and Support Vector Regression (SVR) data mining models utilize the results of the IWQM model for the derivation of rules. The IWQM model minimizes the deviation from water supply and water quality targets during the planning horizon. This method for derivation of operating rules is applied to a real world case study, Zayandehrood system, in Iran, with serious water supply and water pollution problems. The IWQM model is analyzed for different hydrologic and water demands scenarios with total dissolved solids (TDS) as the water quality indicator. Results show that an integrated approach to reservoir-river-aquifer operation in the study area can reduce the TDS by 43 % in the downstream river.     

Watershed Approach for the Protection of Drinking Water Supplies in Central Illinois

A number of communities in Central Illinois that depend on surface water supplies for their drinking water have been experiencing water quality problems in recent years. Since the dominant land use in the region is agriculture, most of the water quality problems are generally attributed to changes in agricultural practices, especially application of fertilizers and pesticides. The most pressing drinking water quality problem in Central Illinois is high nitrate concentration. The maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate in drinking water is set at10 milligrams per liter. A Technical Advisory Committee developed a set of recommendations on how to implement watershed-based solutions to the water quality problem in Central Illinois based on the results of several hydrologic and water quality studies.     

Multi-Objective Optimization of Fusegates System under Hydrologic Uncertainties

Fusegates are independent units held only by the gravity installed on the free spillway of existing dams in order to increase reservoir storage and/or discharge capacity. Increasing reservoir storage in many dams can partly sacrifice dam’s reliabilities. So considering the failure risk of a dam together with the amount of increase in the reservoir capacity can prevent selecting fusegates which seriously endanger a dam safety. However, Lack of accurate information on various damage functions and difficulty in quantifying failure consequences are among principal limitations that hinder practical application of conventional approaches which account failure risk in real world hydrosystems problems. This study develops two effective multi-objective frameworks to optimize fusegates’ configuration in order to eliminate the need for such hard-to-get mathematical damage functions and provide valuable information on the failure risk, total cost, and increased water volume of a reservoir. The proposed models find trade-off solutions between two sets of conflicting objectives. The first competing objectives is investment cost and water storage and the second conflicting goals are water storage and failure probability under the inherent and parameter hydrologic uncertainties. Complicated flood routing phenomenon within a reservoir equipped with fusegates is explicitly taken into account to attain a more cost-effective and reliable design without jeopardizing the dam safety. Applicability and performance of the developed optimization schemes are discussed and demonstrated on a real life case study. The multi-objective optimization results represented as an ensemble of diverse trade-off solutions provide decision makers with more insight and understanding of system behavior and different design alternatives.     

Structural Modeling and Analysis of Water Resources Development and Management System: A Graph Theoretic Approach

An attempt is made to develop an integrated system model for the structure of water resources development and management system. The system consists of five subsystems such as watershed management, groundwater development, surface water management, field level development and climate change along with interactions between them. The system is first modelled in the form of hierarchical tree and integrative block diagram for better understanding and analysis. Graph theoretic and matrix models are then developed for storage, retrieval and computer processing. Variable permanent matrix model and variable permanent function in the form of multinomial are the structural models of the system and characterize the water resources development and management system conclusively. Permanent function presents a powerful and exhaustive analysis procedure to generate alternate solutions for the decision makers for the benefit of stakeholders. Coefficient of similarity and dissimilarity are useful matrix for comparing different solutions. SWOT analysis is proposed before taking final and optimum decision on different issues related to water resources development and management system. An illustrative example of groundwater development subsystem is taken to demonstrate the application of methodology.     

浅议水利工程造价管理措施

水利工程造价直接关系着工程的投资效益,随着水利工程建设项目的不断增多,工程造价管理在水利项目中的作用越来越明显。本文就当前水利工程造价管理工作中存在的问题进行分析和总结,并有针对性地提出了加强水利工程造价管理的具体措施。     

Integrating a Climate Change Assessment Tool into Stakeholder-Driven Water Management Decision-Making Processes in California

There is an emerging consensus in the scientific community that climate change has the potential to significantly alter prevailing hydrologic patterns in California over the course of the 21st Century. This is of profound importance for a system where large investments have been made in hydraulic infrastructure that has been designed and is operated to harmonize dramatic temporal and spatial water supply and water demand variability. Recent work by the authors led to the creation of an integrated hydrology/water management climate change impact assessment framework that can be used to identify tradeoffs between important ecosystem services provided by the California water system associated with future climate change and to evaluate possible adaptation strategies. In spite of the potential impact of climate change, and the availability of a tool for investigating its dimensions, actual water management decision-making processes in California have yet to fully integrate climate change analysis into their planning dialogues. This paper presents an overview of decision-making processes ranked based on the application of a 3S: Sensitivity, Significance, and Stakeholder support, standard, which demonstrates that while climate change is a crucial factor in virtually all water-related decision making in California, it has not typically been considered, at least in any analytical sense. The three highest ranked processes are described in more detail, in particular the role that the new analytical framework could play in arriving at more resilient water management decisions. The authors will engage with stakeholders in these three processes, in hope of moving climate change research from the academic to the policy making arena.     

水资源适应性利用理论及其在治水实践中的应用前景

水系统受气候变化和人类活动的影响,一直在不断地变化,因此水资源的开发利用也应适应这种变化,而不能按照固定的控制阈值或约束条件来进行。当然,也不是被动的、随意的去适应。在对水系统及其与环境变化关系剖析的基础上,分析了水资源适应性利用的原理与模式;基于对环境变化下水资源适应性利用机理的认识,提出水资源适应性利用理论的框架体系,阐述了其基本理念和关键内容;基于对我国现代治水实践的分析,分析了其暗含的水资源适应性利用理论的内容,以及我国治水实践中存在的问题及应用水资源适应性利用理论解决这些问题的可能途径。研究认为,水资源适应性利用理论对水资源合理开发、综合利用、科学管理具有重要的指导作用,为环境变化下水资源利用研究与实践奠定理论基础。     

我国跨流域调水管理问题探讨

 在我国跨流域调水存在“体制不顺、机制不全、原则不明”问题的基础上,较全面分析了我国跨流域调水的各方面问题,并绘制了我国跨流域调水的问题树。借鉴国外跨流域调水管理经验以及水资源综合管理理念,对我国跨流域调水管理进行了探讨,重点在跨流域调水的管理机制与体制、规划期管理、取水管理、用水管理等方面提出了许多建议。