高氧及CO_2气调包装对冷鲜猪肉品质的影响

为了提高冷鲜肉贮藏品质,延长其货架期并拓宽气调包装食品市场,实验以真空包装冷鲜猪肉为对照,通过对冷鲜猪肉气调包装方式在贮藏期间菌落总数、色泽、pH值、系水力、挥发性盐基氮值、感官评价及电子鼻测定的气味等指标的检测,研究CO_2及高氧气调包装对冷鲜肉贮藏品质影响。结果表明:采用适宜的气调包装可以有效地抑制微生物生长,高氧气调包装可以有效保持冷鲜肉色泽及其持水能力,气调包装中O_2/CO_2/N_2气体比例为7:2:1时冷鲜猪肉获得较好的色泽、较高的系水能力,且挥发性盐基氮值相对较低,并经电子鼻风味测试,在贮藏后期仍保持较良好气味,获得相对较高的综合评价,在4℃条件下贮藏至11 d仍有较好食用品质。     

高氧气调包装对草莓保鲜效果的影响

为考察高氧气调包装对草莓保鲜效果的影响。以PE/OPP/PE复合膜为气调包装膜,制备气体比例为60%O_2+1.2%CO_2的高氧气调包装,以气体比例为7.5%O_2+16.5%CO_2的高二氧化碳气调包装和空气气体比例为对照组,在冷藏(5±1)℃环境下对草莓的品质指标进行评价和测定。结果表明,高氧气调包装可以有效维持草莓的感官品质及硬度,延缓Vc含量、可溶性固形物及总酸含量的降低,亦可抑制失重率及p H值的升高,草莓的货架寿命可达到24天,相比对照组货架寿命延长了3~6天。     

气调包装中氧气含量对冷鲜猪肉品质的影响

为研究气调包装中氧气含量对冷鲜猪肉贮藏期间品质的影响,采用高阻隔性包装材料及两种不同气体比例(80%O2+20%CO2和50%O2+20%CO2+30%N2)对冷鲜猪肉进行气调包装,以托盘包装为对照,对冷鲜猪肉贮藏期间的菌落总数、色差、保水性、剪切力及包装内气体组成等指标进行检测分析。结果表明:气调包装组能够维持贮藏过程中包装盒内气体成分基本恒定;与托盘包装相比,50%O2气调包装可延长冷鲜猪肉货架期6 d,80%O2气调包装冷鲜猪肉货架期更长;气调包装组冷鲜肉红度值a*、黄度值b*显著高于(P0.05)托盘包装组;气调包装冷鲜猪肉保水性比托盘包装差,而两气调包装组之间无显著差异(P0.05);贮藏过程中气调包装组剪切力值大于托盘包装组(P0.05),80%O2气调包装组剪切力值小于50%O2气调包装组(P0.05);结论:气调包装会对冷鲜猪肉保水性、嫩度等品质造成一些不良影响,但可显著延长其货架期,采用80%O2比50%O2保鲜效果更好。     

气态臭氧结合微孔气调包装对杨梅品质和抗氧化性能的影响

本研究旨在评估气态臭氧(ozone gas,OG)和微孔气调包装(modified atmosphere packaging,MAP)对杨梅的保鲜效果。为确定杨梅保鲜的最佳贮藏条件,用不同比例的包装气体组成和不同浓度的臭氧气体对杨梅进行单独和协同处理。结果表明：10%O₂+10%CO₂+80%N₂和18.3 mg/m³分别是杨梅贮藏的最佳气体比例和OG浓度,孔径100μm、孔数为2个/243.39 cm²的微孔膜可以使MAP包装内维持最佳气体比例且处于动态平衡。单独MAP或OG处理均能显著抑制杨梅采后腐烂的发生,并维持较高的总酚、花青素和黄酮类化合物含量。MAP与OG协同处理增强了对杨梅的保鲜效果,有效减缓了其硬度的下降,降低了总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和抗坏血酸的损失,同时将过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶的活力分别提高到未经任何处理对照组的1.42倍和1.9倍,从而减少过氧化氢和超氧化物阴离子的积累,使得杨梅无霉保质期延长到8 d。     

水产食品、烘烤食品和方便食品气调包装的研究

本文介绍水产食品，烘烤食品和熟食品的气调包装工艺。从混合气体配气比例、塑料包装材料的气体阻隔性、贮藏温度和包装前食品的卫生指标四个方面因素分析食品气调包装的保鲜效果。通过试验取得一些气调包装食品的保质期。     

生鲜食品气调包装新型材料的研究进展

在过去的几年中,生鲜食品的消费量随着人们对其营养品质的认识提高而日益增长。为了适应这种趋势,除了增加产量以外,发展有效的采后贮藏、包装技术是一种重要的解决途径。气调包装是生鲜食品最适宜的包装技术之一,具有延长货架期、保存及稳定新鲜食品的性能,并且使产品方便运输与售卖。影响气调包装的因素有很多,主要有生鲜食品的种类、贮藏温度与湿度、气体成分以及包装材料的特点。本文总结了近年来有关气调包装新型材料的研究进展,着重介绍了抗氧化活性膜、纳米保鲜膜及生物可降解膜的最新研究,以期推动气调包装的应用与发展,为满足消费者的需求,研究出高品质的、环境友好的、成本低的新型气调包装提供依据。     

水产食品熟食品和水产食品气调包装的研究

本文介绍水产食品、烘烤食品和熟食品的气调包装工艺。从混合气体配气比例、塑料包装材料的气体阻隔性、贮藏温度和包装前食品的卫生指标四个方面因素分析食品气调包装的保鲜效果。通过试验取得一些气调包装食品的保质期。     

高氧气调包装鲜鸡肉的品质变化及相关性分析

为研究高氧气调包装鲜鸡肉贮藏品质变化及指标间相关性,考察空气包装、高氧气调包装后文昌鸡鸡肉的品质变化规律,并对菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮进行相关性分析。结果表明,气调包装能显著抑制微生物生长,减少挥发性盐基氮产生,延缓水分含量降低。两种包装样品的菌落总数和挥发性盐基氮都呈高度正相关,且气调包装相关性为极显著。试验结果可为改善鲜鸡肉贮藏品质提供理论参考。     

气调包装果蔬贮藏寿命预测

在分析气调包装果蔬生理特性的基础上,提出以干物质的分解量作为果蔬产品质量的控制指标,结合气调包装气体交换机理及包装内气体浓度的变化,建立气调包装果蔬的贮藏寿命预测模型。并对一樱桃果品气调包装进行其贮藏寿命的预测。     

气调包装中气体浓度对牛肉保鲜的影响

研究了气调包装中不同气体浓度对牛肉保鲜效果的影响。运用均匀设计法,对新鲜牛肉分别进行不同水平的气调保鲜包装(O2与CO2浓度在0%～100%均匀分布),在(4±1)℃贮藏过程中,隔天对包装内的气体浓度、牛肉的菌落总数、pH值、TVB-N值、液汁流失率、红度值等指标进行测定分析,并采用重回归分析法找出气调包装中O2浓度、CO2浓度、贮藏时间与菌落总数之间的关系式。结果表明:高氧或高CO2浓度的气调包装对牛肉保鲜效果都不理想,而适当的气体组合45%O2/30%CO2/25%N2的气调包装牛肉货架期最长。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.