洪泽湖野生河蚬抗氧化肽酶解工艺及清除自由基能力的研究

探讨洪泽湖野生河蚬抗氧化肽的最佳酶解工艺条件及清除自由基能力通过单因素和正交实验,得到的最佳酶解工艺条件为:添加0.5％胰蛋白酶(以河蚬肉质量计),初始pH3.5,酶解时间3.5h,酶解温度45℃,所得酶解液·OH清除率可达到76.19％.将此工艺得到的河蚬酶解液从还原能力、清除DPPH·能力、清除超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基能力4个方面与Vc和BHT比较,结果表明,河蚬酶解液清除自由基能力弱于0.1 mg/mL的Vc,与0.1mg/mL的BHT近似.     

复合酶酶解乳清制备抗氧化肽的工艺优化及应用

以鲜牛乳为原料,预热杀菌,采用复合酶(中性蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶)一步酶解乳清蛋白制备抗氧化肽,为乳清的转化利用及提高其附加值提供一条可行的途径。以羟自由基清除率为指标,在单因素试验的基础上采用响应面法分析最佳酶解工艺参数。结果表明,最佳酶解条件为温度55.22℃,pH值为6.46,酶量比(中性蛋白酶∶木瓜蛋白酶)31∶10。在此条件下乳清抗氧化肽的实际羟基自由基清除率为67.70%,与预测值68.08%偏差较小,说明该模型可靠。将制得乳清在羟自由基清除率最高的条件下水解得乳清酶解液与枸杞子、桑葚、蜂蜜、柠檬酸等一起调配得到桑葚枸杞乳清多肽复合饮料。     

河蚬肉抗氧化肽的分离及活性研究

目的:为制备具有抗氧化活性的河蚬肉抗氧化肽。方法:河蚬肉酶解液经膜分离后,采用Sephacryl S-100 HR凝胶层析柱进行分离,得到抗氧化性最强的组分经CM Sepharose FF离子交换层析柱进一步分离,并对各组分的体外抗氧化活性进行测定。结果:经Sephacryl S-100 HR凝胶层析柱分离得到5个活性组分A、B、C、D和E,其中组分C的抗氧化活性较强,其总抗氧化能力A_(700 nm)、羟自由基清除率和DPPH自由基清除率分别为1.79、83.33%和26.35%。组分C经CM Sepharose FF离子交换层析柱进一步分离得到2个活性组分C1和C2,其中C2的抗氧化活性最强,总抗氧化能力A_(700 nm)、羟自由基清除率和DPPH自由基清除率分别为2.03、92.34%和35.94%。结论:河蚬酶解液抗氧化肽的羟自由基清除能力突出,该研究为河蚬肉抗氧化肽的开发提供理论技术依据。     

基于Plackett-Burman设计和响应面法优化羊肝抗氧化肽的制备工艺

以羊肝为原料,分别测定5种蛋白酶酶切羊肝所得的酶解液的羟基自由基清除率和肽得率。结果表明,风味蛋白酶羟自由基清除率（84.50%）和肽得率（22.49%）最好。在单因素试验基础上,以羟基自由基清除率为评价指标,采用响应面法优化最佳酶解条件。结果表明,羊肝抗氧化肽制备的最佳酶解条件为料液比1∶3（g∶mL）、加酶量2 400 U/g、酶解温度50 ℃、pH7.50、酶解时间2.8 h。在此优化条件下,测得实际羟自由基清除率为93.70%,与模型理论值相接近。羊肝酶解产物中总氨基酸含量为57.23 g/100 g,其中疏水性氨基酸和必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量分别为46.47%和41.63%,表明以风味蛋白酶酶解羊肝产物具有较高的抗氧化活性和营养价值。     

木瓜蛋白酶水解大豆球蛋白的抗氧化性研究

采用木瓜蛋白酶水解大豆球蛋白制备抗氧化肽。以自由基的清除率为评价指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定酶解最佳条件。结果显示:最佳条件为p H7.5,酶和底物比8 000 U/g,水解时间3 h,温度60℃。优组合条件下的羟自由基清除率为77.6%,超氧阴离子的清除率为47.3%。     

乳清蛋白抗氧化肽的制备及体外抗氧化活性研究

采用酶解法制备乳清蛋白抗氧化肽并研究其体外抗氧化活性。结果表明:以羟自由基清除率和多肽含量为指标,筛选出中性蛋白酶为最优酶;在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面试验确定最佳酶解条件为pH 5. 50、酶解温度65℃、酶解时间1. 65 h、底物质量分数5%、加酶量5 000 U/g,此条件下乳清蛋白抗氧化肽对羟自由基清除率为74. 54%;乳清蛋白抗氧化肽对羟自由基、ABTS+自由基、DPPH自由基和超氧阴离子自由基都具有较好的清除能力,IC50值分别为2. 174、0. 709、2. 813mg/m L和4. 579 mg/m L。表明乳清蛋白抗氧化肽具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,具有一定的开发利用价值。     

花生抗氧化肽制备工艺的优化

采用单因素试验和响应面分析的方法确定了花生粕酶解制备抗氧化肽最佳工艺参数,条件为:底物浓度8%、加酶量8070U/g底物,pH7.7,温度55℃、时间3h,该条件下得到的花生抗氧化肽羟自由基清除率为62.15%.     

松仁肽的制备及抗氧化活性研究

以松子分离蛋白为原料,水解度为评价指标,通过单因素和响应面法优化松仁肽的酶解工艺,并以羟自由基清除能力和DPPH清除率评价松仁肽的抗氧化活性。试验结果表明,松仁肽制备的最佳工艺条件为酶解温度52℃、底物浓度3.2%,pH 9.1,酶解时间3 h、加酶量9 000 U/g。在此酶解条件下,水解度可达0.329 7。制备的松仁肽在浓度24 mg/mL时能清除全部羟自由基;在10 mg/mL时对DPPH的清除率达到75%。此时的松仁肽表现出一定的抗氧化活性。     

酶解青蛤边下脚料制备抗氧化肽的研究

为了充分利用青蛤(Cyclina sineusis Gmelin)加工过程中产生的边下脚料制备抗氧化肽,对青蛤边下脚料进行了匀浆预处理。以酶解产物的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率为评价指标,从胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶6种蛋白酶中筛选出木瓜蛋白酶作为最佳酶解用酶,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定木瓜蛋白酶酶解青蛤边下脚料制备抗氧化肽的最佳工艺条件为:加酶量2 500 U/g、底物浓度7%、反应pH 7.0、反应温度50℃、反应时间3 h。在该条件下对青蛤边下脚料的水解率为31.56%,酶解产物的DPPH自由基清除率为74.62%,羟自由基清除率为59.29%,超氧阴离子自由基清除率为27.84%。     

栉孔扇贝酶解液制备条件优化及其抗氧化性研究

以栉孔扇贝为原料,以水解度和DPPH自由基清除率为指标,在单因素试验基础上,采用Box-Behnken方法,通过响应面试验优化酶解制备具有抗氧化性多肽的扇贝酶解液工艺,并对扇贝酶解液的DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率、总抗氧化活力和抗超氧阴离子活力进行测定。研究了蛋白酶种类、酶解时间、酶解温度、加酶量和固液比对栉孔扇贝酶解液抗氧化性的影响。结果表明:扇贝最佳酶解条件为选择中性蛋白酶、酶解时间4.7h、酶解温度43℃、加酶量3.5%、固液比(m/V)1∶5。在此条件下,DPPH自由基清除率达到68.21%,羟自由基清除率为33.74%,总抗氧化活力为0.086U/mg prot,抗超氧阴离子活力为106.27U/g prot。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.