微波热烫结合酶解处理制备芦笋提取物工艺研究

通过正交设计实验,进行微波热烫结合酶解处理制备芦笋提取物的工艺研究。结果表明,在微波功率800W、处理时间60s、芦笋段长5cm的条件下,可以充分钝化芦笋中过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性;热烫处理后的芦笋经细微化处理后,复合加入0.8%中性蛋白酶和1.6%纤维素酶,在35℃、pH值7.0的条件下处理180 min,提取液的可溶性固形物达8.2%;提取液经真空浓缩、喷雾干燥可制成有效成分高,水溶性好的芦笋提取物。     

绿芦笋、水蜜桃复合饮料的研制

以新鲜水蜜桃和绿芦笋加工出口下脚料为原料,对绿芦笋、水蜜桃复合饮料的生产工艺及其产品的稳定性进行研究,并采用正交试验设计对绿芦笋、水蜜桃复合饮料的调配进行优化。结果表明:绿芦笋汁35%、水蜜桃汁25%、蔗糖添加量5%、柠檬酸0.15%、黄原胶0.10%,剩下部分用蒸馏水补充;按此配比制得的绿芦笋、水蜜桃复合汁兼具芦笋清香和水蜜桃的香甜,酸甜适口,稳定性好,30 d无分层现象。     

芦笋膳食纤维及酚类物质的抗氧化活性

分别采用酶解和超声辅助提取白芦笋和绿芦笋中的膳食纤维和酚类物质,分析可溶性膳食纤维和不可溶性膳食纤维的提取率及理化指标,通过比色法测定芦笋总酚和总黄酮含量,并比较两种芦笋中的酚类物质和可溶性膳食纤维抗氧化能力(DPPH、ABTS自由基清除活性和还原力)。结果发现,白芦笋和绿芦笋均富含可溶性膳食纤维(26.67±1.2, 30.46±0.8 g/100 g)和不可溶性膳食纤维(11.6±0.6, 22.73±0.98 g/100 g),且两种芦笋中可溶性膳食纤维的含量均高于不可溶性膳食纤维的含量。此外,绿芦笋中两种膳食纤维和酚类物质(6.76±0.21 GAE mg/g)的含量均高于白芦笋中膳食纤维和酚类物质(2.89±0.16 GAE mg/g)含量,且绿芦笋可溶性膳食纤维和酚类物质的抗氧化活性均显著高于白芦笋。以上结果为芦笋,尤其是绿芦笋的深度开发利用提供科学依据与理论支撑。     

热杀菌结合冷藏改善绿芦笋汁的贮藏稳定性研究

为研究热杀菌处理对绿芦笋汁贮藏稳定性的影响,通过121℃、3min(F03min)处理绿芦笋汁,并置于(4±1)℃条件下冷藏,定期测定其各指标(菌落总数、色泽、可溶性蛋白、总糖、总酚、总黄酮、VC含量与DPPH自由基清除能力)的变化。结果表明:F03min热杀菌处理可将芦笋汁中的固有微生物完全杀死,且在芦笋汁冷藏的120d均无微生物生长;F03min杀菌处理结合冷藏可有效抑制绿芦笋汁贮藏期间L*和a*值的上升,延缓可溶性蛋白、VC、总酚和DPPH自由基清除能力的下降,维持总糖和总黄酮含量的稳定,保持绿芦笋汁的贮藏稳定性,有效延长绿芦笋汁的贮藏货架期,使其冷藏期延长至120d。     

胆固醇浸泡处理对低温贮藏芦笋保鲜的影响

目的:了解胆固醇对采后芦笋是否具有保鲜作用。方法:用0.5 g/L胆固醇浸泡绿芦笋30 min,取出后,置于4℃条件下贮藏,测定处理组和对照组的感官品质,失重率,腐烂率,残渣率,叶绿素含量,木质素含量,丙二醛(MDA)含量,总酚含量,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),可溶性蛋白质含量,苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性。结果:在绿芦笋冷藏过程中,胆固醇处理可以显著延缓绿芦笋外观品质劣变,显著降低芦笋的失重率、腐烂率。胆固醇处理可抑制PAL酶活性,促进总酚含量的上升,降低残渣率和木质素的含量。胆固醇处理可显著延缓叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量的下降。胆固醇处理组芦笋的T-AOC显著高于对照组,而MDA含量显著低于对照组。结论:胆固醇浸泡能有效延长绿芦笋采后的保鲜期,维持芦笋质量,特别是对芦笋有很好的护绿效果。     

高O_2结合高CO_2气调包装对绿芦笋抗氧化活性的影响

以空气为对照,研究不同体积分数的高氧(60%O_2+20%CO_2+20%N2、80%O_2+20%CO_2、100%O_2)气调包装对绿芦笋嫩茎在(3±1)℃贮藏期间Vc、总酚、总黄酮含量及1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)、羟基(·OH)自由基清除能力的变化规律,以探究高氧气调包装对绿芦笋抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:高氧气调包装对绿芦笋抗氧化活性有显著影响,60%O_2、80%O_2结合20%CO_2气调包装处理能有效抑制绿芦笋嫩茎低温贮藏期间总酚、总黄酮含量和DPPH自由基清除能力的下降,这种抑制作用在贮藏14 d后尤为显著;高氧气调包装处理能有效抑制Vc含量和·OH自由基清除能力的下降,抑制能力强弱顺序依次为60%O_2、80%O_2和100%O_2。由此表明,60%O_2、80%O_2结合20%CO_2气调包装处理对绿芦笋抗氧化活性的保持效果要优于100%O_2处理。     

芦笋复合汁的加工工艺和配方的优化

研究了芦笋复合汁的加工工艺和配方。在热烫加工中，选用了100℃、30s的工艺条件。通过正交试验确定纤维素酶酶解最佳工艺：纤维素酶质量分数0．08%，pH值为5，温度40℃，酶解时间30min。利用果胶酶提高芦笋汁的澄清度，果胶酶质量分数为0．06％。用橙汁与芦笋汁复配，最佳配方为：果蔬汁体积分数为30%，其中9份为芦笋原汁，1份为甜橙原汁；糖用量（质量分数）为9%，酸用量（质量分数）为0．2%,香精用量（质量分数）为0．3‰。     

基于主成分分析法分析一氧化氮对绿芦笋贮藏品质的影响

为探明NO处理对绿芦笋贮藏品质的影响,以硝普钠(SNP)为一氧化氮(NO)供体,研究NO对采后绿芦笋叶绿素、VC、总糖、木质素、总黄酮含量,膜透性及抗氧化能力的影响,并结合主成分分析法分析NO处理对绿芦笋综合品质的影响。结果表明:NO处理可减缓采后绿芦笋叶绿素、VC、总糖、总黄酮含量的下降,延缓木质素、膜透性的增加,提高总抗氧化能力。主成分分析表明,贮藏12d之后,对照绿芦笋的综合品质急剧下降,而NO处理可使绿芦笋贮藏期限延长4d左右。因此,NO处理可作为一种维持采后绿芦笋品质的理想措施。     

赤霉素、乙醇处理对绿芦笋采后品质的影响

研究分析了赤霉素、乙醇、对绿芦笋采后品质的影响作用.结果表明,赤霉素或乙醇处理能明显延缓绿芦笋采后品质的下降.在模拟货架存放的24℃下贮藏,赤霉素处理的绿芦笋叶绿素、可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于对照;乙醇处理的绿芦笋叶绿素、可溶性糖也显著高于对照.     

两种芦笋不同部位酚类物质及抗氧化活性研究

采用超声辅助法提取白芦笋茎、白芦笋尖、绿芦笋茎和绿芦笋尖中的酚类物质,通过比色法及高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法测定各提取物中总酚、总黄酮、总单宁、缩合单宁和芦丁含量及其抗氧化能力(DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基清除活性和还原力),并探究芦笋酚类物质与抗氧化能力之间的相关性。结果表明,两种芦笋中均不含单宁类物质;绿芦笋尖中总酚、总黄酮、芦丁含量最高,3种抗氧化活性均最强,其后依次为绿芦笋茎、白芦笋尖和白芦笋茎。HPLC指纹图谱显示,绿芦笋尖中酚类物质的种类及含量均最高,白芦笋茎中则最少。以上结果说明绿芦笋比白芦笋中酚类物质更多,抗氧化性更强,且芦笋尖中酚类含量及抗氧化性优于芦笋茎。相关性分析发现,芦笋中总酚、总黄酮、芦丁、DPPH自由基和ABTS自由基清除能力两两之间均显著正相关,表明芦笋中酚类物质与自由基清除能力关系密切。     

Effect of enzymatic macerate treatment on rutin content, antioxidant activity, yield, and physical properties of asparagus juice

ABSTRACT:  Asparagus is a vegetable with high antioxidant activity. In this research, asparagus juice was produced from fresh asparagus macerate treated with a carbohydrases mixture (Viscozyme) at 37 °C for up to 8 h. Rutin content, antioxidant activity, yield, soluble solid content, and color of the produced asparagus juice were determined. The results showed that Viscozyme significantly increased the yield of asparagus juice, especially in the 1st hour, which was higher than control (without Viscozyme treatment), but the juice had significantly less rutin content than control and had higher antioxidant activity than control only in the 1st 2 h. Juice with Viscozyme treatment had significantly higher soluble solid content than control. The greenness of asparagus juice deteriorates quickly for both the Viscozyme group and control. Viscozyme had advantage in producing juice with high yield, antioxidant activity, and soluble solid content in shorter time (2 h) of treatment compared to control.     

Optimization of enzymatic clarification of green asparagus juice using response surface methodology

Enzymatic clarification conditions for green asparagus juice were optimized by using response surface methodology (RSM). The asparagus juice was treated with pectinase at different temperatures (35 °C-45 °C), pH values (4.00-5.00), and enzyme concentrations (0.6-1.8 v/v%). The effects of enzymatic treatment on juice clarity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity were investigated by employing a 3-factor central composite design coupled with RSM. According to response surface analysis, the optimal enzymatic treatment condition was pectinase concentration of 1.45%, incubation temperature of 40.56 °C and pH of 4.43. The clarity, juice yield, and soluble solid contents in asparagus juice were significantly increased by enzymatic treatment at the optimal conditions. DPPH radical-scavenging capacity was maintained at the level close to that of raw asparagus juice. These results indicated that enzymatic treatment could be a useful technique for producing green asparagus juice with high clarity and high-antioxidant activity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Treatment with 1.45% pectinase at 40.56 ° C, pH 4.43, significantly increased the clarity and yield of asparagus juice. In addition, enzymatic treatment maintained antioxidant activity. Thus, enzymatic treatment has the potential for industrial asparagus juice clarification.     

Loss of rutin and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice caused by a pectolytic enzyme preparation from Aspergillus niger

We found that a commercial pectolytic enzyme preparation from Aspergillus niger (pectinase AN) contained laccase activity that decreased rutin content and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice. This research investigated the effects of pH, temperature, and concentration of pectinase AN on pectinase AN’s laccase activity to decrease rutin content and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice. Asparagus juice was incubated with pectinase AN at different pHs (3.2, 4.5 and 5.8), temperatures (25, 37, and 50 °C) and enzyme concentrations (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%). Rutin content and antioxidant activity of samples was determined by HPLC and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical method, respectively. The rate of loss of rutin and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice was smaller at pH 3.2 than at pH 4.5 and pH 5.8, smaller for 0.1% pectinase AN than 0.5% and 1% pectinase AN. The rate of loss of rutin of asparagus juice was greater at 25 °C than at the other two temperatures. Pectinase AN can decrease rutin content and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice at the selected conditions. But rutin content and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice produced using pectinase AN could be less decreased at pH 3.2 and 0.1% of enzyme with less than 2 h of incubation time. This information was helpful for juice industry to produce juices with high antioxidant activity using pectinase AN.     

Effect of fruit blanching on phenolics and radical scavenging activity of highbush blueberry juice

Frozen highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were processed into juice, and the influence was studied of a steam blanching step, applied to fruit before milling, on the recovery of anthocyanin pigments and total cinnamates, in relation to the radical-scavenging properties of blueberry juices. Inactivation of PPO induced a significant recovery increase of anthocyanin and cinnamate contents. Furthermore juice from blanched fruits was more blue and less red than that obtained in the traditional way, due to the positive effect of the thermal treatment on the extraction of the most soluble anthocyanin pigments, which are also the most intense blue. Blanching of fruit greatly increased the radical-scavenging activity of the juice, in relation to the higher recovery of anthocyanin pigments and total cinnamates.     

Influence of technical processing units on polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of carrot (Daucus carrot L.) juice

The effect of three processing units (blanching, enzyme liquefaction, and pasteurisation) on polyphenols and antioxidant activity of carrot juices was investigated. Polyphenols and antioxidant activity of carrot juices varied with different processes. Five polyphenolic acids were identified in fresh carrot juice, and the predominant compound was chlorogenic acid. Compared with fresh carrot juice, blanching and enzyme liquefaction could result in the increase of the total polyphenol content (TPC) and the antioxidant activity in scavenging DPPH free radicals (DPPH) and Fe²⁺-chelating capacity (FC), whereas pasteurisation could result in the decrease of the TPC and the antioxidant activity in DPPH and FC. Meanwhile blanching, enzyme liquefaction, and pasteurisation showed little influence on the antioxidant activity in lipid peroxidation protection. The antioxidant activities in DPPH and FC increased with increasing concentration while no correlation between lipid peroxidation protection and polyphenols concentration. Polyphenols still retained high antioxidant activity after the processes, which have potential health benefits for consumers.     

雪莲薯原汁加工工艺及其对双歧杆菌生长的影响

为研究雪莲薯原汁的加工工艺及其对双歧杆菌生长的影响,在漂烫工艺中,选用100℃、2.5min 的工艺条件,通过正交试验确定纤维素酶酶解的最佳工艺条件为纤维素酶用量0.08%(m/m)、pH5、温度50℃、酶解时间45min。利用果胶酶提高雪莲薯汁的澄清度,果胶酶用量为0.14%。雪莲薯原汁可有效促进双歧杆菌的生长,10%(m/m)添加量可使双歧杆菌生长量增加53%,20%(m/m)添加量对大肠杆菌有一定抑制作用。     

Effect of thermal treatments on phytochemicals in conventionally and organically grown berries

BACKGROUND: Consumer demand for organic foods is increasing despite a lack of conclusive evidence of nutritional superiority of organically grown produce. The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of thermal treatments on phytochemicals in conventionally and organically grown berries. Two cultivars of conventionally and organically grown red raspberries and blueberries were analysed for total anthocyanins, total and specific phenolic compounds and total antioxidant activity. Fresh berries were thermally processed into cans and juice/puree with and without blanching, and the changes in phytochemicals were monitored. RESULTS: Total anthocyanin and phenolic contents of berries were not influenced by the agricultural production system. Total antioxidant activity of berries was also not influenced by the production system, but antioxidant activity varied significantly between cultivars. After canning, total anthocyanins decreased by up to 44%, while phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of both berries generally increased by up to 50 and 53% respectively. The level of changes in phytochemicals during berry puree/juice processing was influenced by blanching and type of berries. CONCLUSION: Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of berries increased while total anthocyanins decreased during canning. Blanching prior to puree/juice processing improved the retention of phytochemicals in blueberries. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Maintaining the quality of sugarcane juice with blanching and ascorbic acid

The physicochemical changes in fresh sugarcane juice stored at 10 °C were studied by determining juice yield, color, reducing sugar, titratable acidity, viscosity, pH, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), sucrose neutral invertase (SNI) and total microbial count. Results showed that blanching of stems before squeezing effectively prevented degreening and/or browning, and reduced activities of PPO and SNI in fresh sugarcane juice. Added ascorbic acid delayed the increase of reducing sugar, titratable acidity, viscosity and total microbial count, and also prevented degreening and/or browning with reduced PPO and SNI activities in fresh sugarcane juice during storage. Addition of 0.1% ascorbic acid seemed to be more effective than blanching of sugarcane stems, and was able to maintain the quality of fresh sugarcane juice for up to 5 days at 10 °C. Deterioration of fresh sugarcane juice was demonstrated as a rapid increase of titratable acidity and viscosity with a obvious browning.     

Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of asparagus,broccoli and their juices

Antioxidant activity of asparagus, broccoli and their juices was evaluated using 2,2′-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and β-carotene bleaching assays. Asparagus showed greater antioxidant activity than broccoli. Asparagus juice also had greater antioxidant activity than broccoli juice. Methanol and acetone extracts of asparagus and broccoli had significantly greater antioxidant activity than their water extracts. Asparagus and broccoli extracts, as well as their juices, showed no significant difference in total phenolics content. However, asparagus contained more flavonoids than broccoli. The antioxidant activity of asparagus and broccoli extracts demonstrated a linear relationship with their flavonoid content.     

芹菜榨汁预处理方法研究

比较对芹菜榨汁过程中微波法、弱酸盐法、稀碱法、中性盐等预处理方法对芹菜汁成分的影响。发现不同预处理方法产生的芹菜汁成分不同,其中弱酸盐漂烫法处理为较优的预处理方法,可以有效保留芹菜有效成分,每100g新鲜芹菜所榨汁中:黄酮含量20mg以上,可溶性膳食纤维可达0.3g,固形物>2.5g,总糖>2g。