菠萝蛋白酶的提取及其在医药中的应用

综述了菠萝蛋白酶的三种提取方法,并分析各自的特点,与高岭土吸附法和单宁沉淀法相比,超滤法能使产品质量、纯度、酶活都优于前者,是菠萝蛋白酶升级换代的新工艺。同时,综述了菠萝蛋白酶在医药中的应用,并指出对菠萝蛋白酶进行化学修饰以提高其稳定性和活力是重要的研究方向。     

用酶组合技术制备水解明胶的研究

本文研究了ASI.398中性蛋白酶和菠萝蛋白酶法制备水解明胶,初步探讨了用酶的组合技术制备小分子量及窄分布水解明胶的可能性。结果表明,酶的不同组合方式是调节产物分子量及分布的极有效手段,菠萝蛋白酶和AS1.398中性蛋白酶组合的先后次序,可以调节产物的分子量,两者以混合方式组合,则可以调节产物的分子量分布。     

多元醇和糖类对菠萝蛋白酶热稳定性的影响

目的 寻找能提高菠萝蛋白酶热稳定性的物质。方法 当温度恒定时，菠萝蛋白酶的热失活过程 遵循一级蜕变规律：ｄ[Ｅ］／ｄｔ ＝－Ｋｄ·ｔ，失活半寿期是常数，可以用作衡量菠萝蛋白酶热稳定性的指标。结果 某些 多羟基、多羧基化合物能明显延长菠萝蛋白酶在较高温度下的半寿期。结论 这些物质的稳定化作用可能是由于 影响了溶剂结构和疏水相互作用，从而维护了酶分子活性的三维构象。     

菠萝蛋白酶酶活力影响因素及测定酶活力方法的研究进展

文章阐述了湿度、温度、pH、糖类、金属离子、聚乙二醇、有机溶剂和抗氧化剂等各种因素对菠萝蛋白酶酶活力的影响;以及测定菠萝蛋白酶酶活力的方法:福林法、C.D.U法、紫外分光光度法和G.D.U法。其中某些因素具有提高酶活力的作用,某些因素则会抑制酶活力。几种酶活力测定方法在试剂的繁简,操作的复杂性,以及测定灵敏度上均有优劣。     

腐竹废水制备大豆多肽复合酶解条件研究

将腐竹废水进行回收利用,经蛋白酶酶解、分离、提纯制得大豆多肽.通过正交实验分析,确定腐竹废水复合酶解的最佳工艺条件为:采用三酶复合蛋白酶(由碱性蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和菠萝蛋白酶以1∶2∶4的比例复合而成)、底物含量3%、pH值8.0、酶解时间4 h,此时多肽转化率为94.56%.     

高沸醇木质素胺对菠萝蛋白酶的吸附

利用高沸醇木质素与二甲胺的曼尼希反应合成高沸醇木质素胺并探讨它对菠萝蛋白酶的吸附特性。结果表明,高沸醇木质素胺对菠萝蛋白酶的吸附量比高沸醇木质素的吸附量更大,胺基对菠萝蛋白酶的吸附起重要作用,而且吸附后的酶活性仍保持在较高的水平,有望成为菠萝蛋白酶固定化的潜在载体。     

以明胶为底物测定菠萝蛋白酶活力的研究

本文研究了以明胶为底物菠萝蛋白酶的测定方法,讨论了方法的可行性和测定菠萝蛋白酶活力的最适宜条件。     

蛋白酶对排骨汤风味香精滋味的影响

为探究蛋白酶对热反应排骨汤风味香精滋味的影响,采用HPLC分析猪肉酶解液中游离氨基酸的含量,并结合感官评价和电子鼻分析技术对香精样品进行风味分析。得到制备排骨汤风味香精较优的蛋白酶复配条件为:m(木瓜蛋白酶)∶m(菠萝蛋白酶)=2∶1,加酶量0.2%(酶质量占肉质量的百分数);优化后的酶解液中鲜味氨基酸总量最高,为26.70 g/L。利用电子鼻和感官评价指标进行主成分分析,可以对不同蛋白酶复配的香精进行较好的区分。     

高沸醇木质素及其衍生物对菠萝蛋白酶的吸附

通过曼尼希反应和室温相分离方法合成了高沸醇木质素胺和高沸醇木质素酚衍生物,并探讨了它们对菠萝蛋白酶的吸附特性. 结果表明,引入了胺基和酚羟基的高沸醇木质素衍生物对菠萝蛋白酶的吸附性能有很大的提高,吸附能力为HBS木质素胺>HBS木质素酚>HBS木质素,而且吸附后的菠萝蛋白酶活性仍保持在较高的水平,高沸醇木质素衍生物有望成为菠萝蛋白酶的浓缩吸附剂或固定化的载体.     

蛋白酶对排骨汤风味香精滋味的影响

为探究蛋白酶对热反应排骨汤风味香精滋味的影响，采用HPLC分析猪肉酶解液中游离氨基酸的含量，并结合感官评价和电子鼻分析技术对香精样品进行风味分析。得到制备排骨汤风味香精较优的蛋白酶复配条件为：m(木瓜蛋白酶):m(菠萝蛋白酶)=2:1，加酶量0.2%（酶质量占肉质量的百分数，下同）；优化后的酶解液中鲜味氨基酸总量最多，为26.70 g/L。利用电子鼻和感官评价指标进行主成分分析，能区分不同蛋白酶复配的香精。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.