土豆片脉冲喷动微波负压干燥特性及品质

在干燥腔内真空压力范围为11.8~15.0 kPa的条件下,研究微波功率、脉冲喷动频率、预处理及不同组合方式对脉冲喷动微波负压干燥(PSMVD)土豆片的干燥特性及色泽、质构、均匀性等品质的影响。结果表明:Midilli传质薄片模型优于其它三个模型;未漂烫处理及提高微波功率可以增加土豆片在干燥过程中水分扩散系数Deff,从而缩短土豆片脉冲喷动微波负压干燥时间。与传统的干燥相比,脉冲喷动微波负压干燥具有干燥周期短、产品干燥均匀性及品质较好等优点。     

莴苣微波喷动均匀干燥工艺

通过单因素实验和正交实验确定莴苣微波喷动干燥的最佳工艺参数,并将产品和热风、喷动、真空冷冻、真空微波干燥的产品进行比较,旨在发现微波喷动干燥的优势所在。产品的质量主要通过复水率、叶绿素质量分数、色泽、能耗、感官评定等方面来衡量。实验结果表明,莴苣最佳微波喷动干燥参数为干燥前期(10min),微波功率为300W,热风温度为68～78℃,喷动风速为8m/s;干燥后期(45min)微波功率为200W,热风温度为68～78℃,喷动风速为6m/s。检测结果表明,微波喷动干燥产品的复水性、叶绿素质量分数、色差值和感官评定均优于热风干燥、喷动干燥和真空微波干燥产品,复水性和叶绿素质量分数略低于真空冷冻干燥产品,微波喷动干燥在节约能耗方面有显著效果。     

喷动床最小喷动速度的计算颗粒流体力学数值模拟

为了进一步研究喷动床的操作参数和结构参数对最小喷动速度Ums的影响,以及建立最小喷动速度的预测关联式,课题组建立了二维喷动床数理模型,床的高度为800 mm、宽度为200 mm和厚度为20 mm,喷动气入口底部是夹角为60°的V形结构。采用计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法模拟计算了5种颗粒在3种喷口宽度和在不同静止床高时最小喷动速度变化情况。结果表明:喷动床的结构参数和操作参数对最小喷动速度有着极大的影响,最小喷动速度随着静止床高和颗粒粒径增大而增大,而随着喷口宽度的增大而减小;综合所有数据进行多因素影响回归,得到了新的最小喷动速度预测关联式。研究结果对于喷动床实际操作条件的确定和工艺设计提供了借鉴。     

载能微波在不同负压水平的干燥模式与应用

为回顾近年来载能微波在农产品干燥中的研究进展,并解析负压环境对干燥行为的影响,文章以微波干燥的负压水平和干燥模式为主线,阐述高水分农产品物料在低真空度的负压微波脉冲喷动干燥(pulse-spouted microwave vacuum drying,PS-MVD),中真空度的微波真空干燥(microwave vacuum drying,MVD),高真空度的微波真空冷冻干燥(microwave vacuum freeze drying,MVFD)的干燥模式及物料特性,同时对农产品物料“热风-微波真空”组合干燥、“微波真空-真空含浸”加工、“脉冲喷动微波真空冷冻干燥”工艺的创新应用展开讨论。     

茭白热风-微波联合喷动干燥的复水性研究

以茭白为原料,复水率为评价指标,采用响应面法优化干燥工艺参数,探讨茭白颗粒热风-微波联合喷动干燥的效果。不同喷动干燥方式研究表明:热风-微波联合喷动干燥条件对茭白复水率影响显著(p<0.05)。响应面优化最佳参数表明,进风温度52℃,颗粒大小8mm,微波功率2.7W/g。在此最佳条件下,茭白复水率达到3.05,试验结果与模型预测值吻合度达99%。方差分析表明,颗粒大小、微波功率对茭白复水性影响极显著(p<0.01),温度(A)与颗粒大小(B)交互项对复水率影响显著(p<0.05)。优化后的工艺参数为茭白微波喷动干燥技术的工业化应用提供理论依据。     

冷冻预处理及负压微波喷动干燥对脱水牛蒡品质的影响

以牛蒡为主要原料,在干燥腔内真空压力波动范围为12~21 kPa的条件下,研究喷动频率、微波功率,以及预处理方式,对负压微波喷动干燥(PSMVD)牛蒡片的干燥特性及质构、收缩率、复水比、感官评分、色泽等品质的影响。结果表明:喷动频率、微波功率,以及预处理方式对其影响较大,当喷动频率为3.3 r/min,微波功率为19.8 W/g,采用冷冻预处理(-18℃,12 h)的方式,所得到的牛蒡产品色泽佳、质地松脆、风味浓郁、保质期长。     

锥形分布板结构对流化床流动特性的影响

针对目前特殊分布板流化床实验测试技术的局限性及数据的不完全性,建立二维流化床欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,采用标准κ-ε湍流模型对锥形非均匀分布板流化床进行数值模拟计算。结果表明:锥形(∧形)分布板流化床风速分布不均匀,在高风速区,高速气流携带固体颗粒以气泡形式自下而上运动,在低风速区,固体颗粒在自身重力作用下缓慢下降,从而形成循环运动;在相同进口速度条件下,随着分布板倾斜角度的增加,锥形分布板流化床内气泡直径、固体颗粒速度及床层膨胀高度都增加,流化床内气固混合特性得到了加强。综合考虑固体颗粒体积分数与速度,选择分布板倾斜角度在20~30°之间较为合适。     

两种不同干燥方式对不同预处理方式的脱盐鸭蛋清品质的影响

采用真空冷冻干燥和负压微波喷动干燥两种干燥方式,对经不同预处理的咸鸭蛋清进行干燥制粉,以鲜鸭蛋清为对照,研究不同干燥方式咸鸭蛋清脱盐前后的功能特性。产品的质量主要通过色差、表观密度、凝胶性、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性等方面来衡量。实验结果表明:当负压微波喷动干燥条件为干燥腔压力80 Pa,脉冲压力800 Pa,微波功率0.1~0.6 kW,每间隔10 min脉冲2 s;真空冷冻干燥条件为真空泵压力10 kPa,温度为50℃,加热功率为350 W,干燥时间为10 h时,负压微波喷动干燥产品的理化特性优于真空冷冻干燥产品的理化特性(色泽、表观密度值、硬度、起泡性和乳化性等),咸鸭蛋清的最佳干燥方式是负压微波喷动干燥(PSMFD);经超声波预处理后PSMFD的蛋清粉具有最好的色泽,较好的表观密度值(0.333 kg/dm3)、较小的硬度(831.251 g)、较高的起泡性(86.7%)和乳化性(0.540 4)、较好的起泡稳定性(93.3%)和乳化稳定性(26.48 min)。     

红外喷动床数值模拟中两种湍流模型的适用性

目的:得到适合红外联合喷动床数值模拟的湍流模型。方法:采用两方程模型(SST k-ε与Realizable k-ε)进行数值模拟,分析不同工况下红外喷动床的性能参数以及干燥室流场的流速、温度及颗粒浓度分布情况,并进行红外喷动床物料颗粒干燥试验。结果:在红外喷动床干燥室进气速度为8 m/s,温度为50℃的工况下,采用Realizable k-ε进行模拟得到的数值和SST k-ε的相近;采用两种湍流模型进行数值模拟得到的干燥室流体域中颗粒体积分数分布、速度分布及温度分布具有相似性,总体效果较好,说明这两种湍流模型应用于该设备均是可行的。但Realizable k-ε湍流模型的收敛速度更快,SST k-ε稳定性更好。结论:选择Realizable k-ε湍流模型进行红外喷动床的三维流场描述更加合理。     

热风预干对生姜脉冲喷动微波真空干制过程和品质的影响

为提高生姜干制效率和品质,采用热风预处理对脉冲喷动微波真空干燥(PSMVD)的助力,研究其水汽散失与回流现象,探讨不同热风干燥(AD)时间段下生姜水分流动状态,以及后续PSMVD干制过程的干燥时间、品质、微观结构.结果表明,AD 120 min-PSMVD组合工艺能实现物料的高效均匀、高品质干燥,为改善高水分含量农产品干燥工艺提供了参考.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.