不同原料发酵原醋中挥发性风味物质成分分析

以八种不同原料发酵的原醋为研究对象，采用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（SPME-GC-MS）技术对其挥发性物质成分进行分析。结果表明，八种原醋中共检测出128种挥发性成分，其中大枣、葡萄、山楂、桑葚、柿子、大米、梨、香蕉原醋分别检出60种、51种、47种、47种、38种、37种、35种、29种。八种原醋中共有成分6种，为苯甲醛、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、苯乙醇、醋酸、3-乙酰基-2-丁酮。结合相对气味活度值（ROAV）分析，筛选出31种对八种原醋风味有重要贡献的关键化合物，其中，酯类和酸类物质对八种原醋的风味有着最重要的贡献，是发酵原醋中独特香味来源的主要物质。     

Evaluation of antioxidant activity and total phenols index in persimmon vinegars produced by different processes

The total phenols index (TPI) and antioxidant activity of persimmon vinegars produced by different processes were evaluated. A novel extraction method was designed and optimised for this purpose with respect to the type and concentration of solvent and ultrasonication time. The best extraction conditions found were the use of 80% ethanol and 25 min of ultrasonication. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the oxygen-radical absorbance capacity of fluorescein (ORAC-FL) and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical assays. The antioxidant activities were the same in the fruit and the vinegar, except in the ORAC assay, which showed a significant decrease during the acetification process. The results showed that using the wild yeast strain native to the persimmon produced vinegars with higher antioxidant activity than that of an inoculated alcoholic fermentation. Finally, a comparison between our vinegars and other commercial examples was made. The TPI and antioxidant activity values of persimmon vinegars were always higher than those obtained from white and red-wine vinegars. The antioxidant activity and total phenols of the final product indicate that persimmon vinegar is a competitive product in the market.     

Relationship between the antioxidant properties and the phenolic and flavonoid content in traditional balsamic vinegar

The antioxidant properties of traditional balsamic vinegar as regards its phenolic and flavonoid content comparing it to selected vinegars and red wines have been investigated. The polyphenols were separated from interfering compounds utilizing C18 columns. The polyphenolic content was determined utilizing both Folin–Ciocalteu and peroxidase assays. The antioxidant capacity was quantified using both ABTS and FRAP assays. The results show that traditional balsamic vinegar has lower antioxidant activity and phenolic and flavonoid content than Nero d’Avola but higher than the other tested products. The antioxidant capacity of wines and vinegars is highly correlated with their phenolic content, measured by peroxidase assay and it is also highly correlated with their flavonoid content while in traditional balsamic vinegar and balsamic vinegar this correlation diminishes. The study describes a simple and fast method of separating from other compounds and of measuring polyphenols in the analysis of red wines and vinegars with complex composition such as traditional balsamic vinegar.     

Anthocyanin composition in Cabernet Sauvignon red wine vinegar obtained by submerged acetification

Vinegars elaborated from white wine can be characterized by their phenolic composition. Indeed, for authenticity purpose, phenolic composition can be used to identify Sherry and Balsamic vinegars. However, the phenolic composition of red wine vinegars has scarcely been studied. Anthocyanin compounds in particular remain largely unknown. This study focuses on the analysis of anthocyanin compounds in red wine vinegar and the effect of acetification with submerged culture on such vinegars.The vinegar used in this study was produced from a young Cabernet Sauvignon wine in a laboratory-scale fermenter. Subsequent analyses of both wine and vinegar included their anthocyanin profile (by LC/MS), and their non-anthocyanin phenolic profile (by LC/DAD). In addition, wine and vinegar anthocyanin extracts were fractionated by CCC to determine the contribution of the fractions to overall antioxidant activity (AA), using ORAC, FRAP and DPPH assays.A total of 20 anthocyanin compounds were identified in the vinegar. As far as we know, this is the first time that anthocyanin-derived pigments (pyranoanthocyanins and ethyl-linked compounds) have been identified in red vinegar in such detail. Moreover, an original contribution of this study is the identification for the first time of catechyl-pyranocyanidin-3-glucoside in vinegar and wine, as well as two anthocyanin compounds not previously reported in vinegar or Cabernet Sauvignon wine: acetyl vitisin B and coumaroyl vitisin B. After the acetification process, vitisin-type and ethyl-linked compounds increased and monomeric anthocyanins, phenolic acids (ferulic acid, caffeic acid and caftaric acid) and flavan-3-ol ((+)-catechin) decreased.Although the proportion by weight of the polymeric compound fraction is similar in wine and vinegar, the AA of these polymers in vinegar is significantly greater (p < 0.05). We have also determined for the first time an approximate value of AA for malvidin-3-(6-acetyl)-glucoside isolated from vinegar.     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of wine vinegars produced by two different techniques

BACKGROUND: The presence of phenolics in fruit, red wine and vinegar has positive health effects due to their significant antioxidant activity. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of two different vinegar production methods on antioxidant activity and phenolic level of vinegars derived from Ulugbey Karasi grapes. Traditional surface and industrial submerge methods were used to make vinegar. Samples were taken from fresh red grape juice, maceration, wine, traditional vinegar and industrial vinegar. RESULTS: Total phenolic content of traditional and industrial vinegar samples were 2690 mg L^?1 and 2461 mg L^?1 GAE, respectively. ORAC values of traditional and industrial vinegar samples were 10.50 µmol mL^?1and 8.84 µmol mL^?1 TE, respectively. Antioxidant activity values of traditional and industrial vinegars were 13.50 mmol L^?1 and 10.37 mmol L^?1 TEAC, respectively. Gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p‐coumaric acid and ferulic acid were detected in grape juice, wine and vinegar samples. The content of catechin in industrial vinegar (27.50 mg L^?1) was significantly higher than that of in traditional vinegar (13.76 mg L^?1) (P < 0.05). Traditional vinegar had higher amounts of chlorogenic and syringic acids than the industrial vinegar (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results of this study showed that different production methods affected the functional constituents of wine vinegars. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Fermentation-induced changes in the concentrations of organic acids,amino acids,sugars, and minerals and superoxide dismutase-like activity in tomato vinegar

Various raw materials are used to produce vinegars that contain functional compounds associated with disease prevention. We evaluated changes in functional compounds during tomato vinegar production and superoxide dismutase-like activity of tomato vinegar. Tomato vinegar contained abundant anti-hypertensive compounds, e.g., γ-aminobutyric acid and potassium derived from tomatoes and acetic acid and pyroglutamic acid produced during fermentation. It had stronger superoxide dismutase-like activity than commercial vinegars because of tomato-derived superoxide dismutase-like compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and glutathione. These data indicate that tomato vinegar is a candidate dietary supplement with potential preventive effects against cardiovascular diseases due to its anti-hypertensive and superoxide dismutase-like compounds.     

Inhibitory effect of fermentation byproducts on formation of advanced glycation end-products

Distilled residues (DR) of rice spirit and its derived vinegar produced a negligible inhibitory effect on advanced glycation end-products (AGE) formation. However, recycled DRs of rice spirit and barley spirit and their derived vinegars inhibited formation of N^ε(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a major AGE. Unlike the aforementioned DR and derived vinegars, the DR of sweet potato spirit and vinegar, contained very little protein, lysine and arginine, but they most potently inhibited CML formation. The DRs of various spirits and vinegars showed similar free radical-scavenging activities.     

四种不同发酵基质柑橘果醋挥发性成分分析

为了研究四种不同发酵基质柑橘果醋挥发性成分的差异,分别以食用酒精发酵柑橘果醋（EACV）、酒醋连续发酵柑橘果醋（WVCV）、酒汁混合发酵柑橘果醋（WJCV）和酒水混合发酵柑橘果醋（WWCV）四种不同发酵基质的柑橘果醋为研究对象,利用电子鼻和顶空-固相微萃取气质联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）,分析不同发酵基质的柑橘果醋挥发性成分的种类和含量。结果表明,四种柑橘果醋中共检测出138种挥发性成分,包括酯类物质34种、醇类物质37种、酸类物质20种、醛类物质8种、酚酮类物质13种、烃类物质10种和其他类物质16种。挥发性成分总含量高低依次为：WVCV＞WWCV＞WJCV＞EACV,其中EACV保留了更多柑橘果汁的气味,其他三种果醋风味更加浓郁。     

产酸菌株的分离及初步鉴定

以实验室自制的柑橘、苹果、猕猴桃、柿子四种果醋为筛选原料,经过菌种的富集培养,采用稀释涂布法分离菌株,最终从柿子醋中分离到8株产醋酸优势菌株,对8株优势菌株进行传代培养,筛选出了在传代培养过程中,产醋酸酸度高且产量稳定的菌株F9,其产算量高达56.26g/L,酒精转化率为78.12%。根据菌株F9形态观察,以及生理生化特征初步确定菌株F9为醋杆菌属菌种。     

26种市售食醋抗氧化性的比较

测定了不同品种食醋中酚类、黄酮类化合物含量及DPPH自由基清除活性,并分析了总酚、总黄酮含量与DPPH自由基清除活性的相关性。结果显示,不同品种食醋的自由基清除作用和它们含有的酚类及黄酮类成分相关,相关系数分别为0.952 3和0.869 1。总酚含量、总黄酮含量可作为评价食醋抗氧化性的指标,总酚含量、总黄酮含量、DPPH自由基清除率可作为鉴别不同品种食醋的指标。     

Evolution of the antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents of persimmon during fermentation

The changes in antioxidant capacity and phenolics of persimmon during alcoholic fermentation, acetification, and short aging were investigated. An increase in the antioxidant activity was observed when persimmon was transformed from puree to vinegar. The total content of phenolics remained stable, in contrast to the concentration of condensed tannin, which significantly (p < 0.05) increased during alcoholic and acetic fermentations, although followed by a decrease after aging. The phenolic compounds were characterized and quantitated. Gallic acid was the main phenolic compound, and its content increased by 14.4% during alcoholic fermentation and reduced by 53.5% during acetic fermentation. Additionally, the flavan-3-ol compounds increased during alcoholic fermentation and acetification. Vanillyl alcohol, (?)-epigallocatechin, and p-coumaric acid were not observed in persimmon puree but detected in persimmon wine and vinegar. These results indicate that alcoholic and acetic fermentation can improve the antioxidant capacity of persimmon fruit.     

食醋中苯乳酸的提取、鉴定及含量比较

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用（LC-MS/MS）结合核磁共振（NMR）法从山西老陈醋的乙酸乙酯萃取物中分离提取并鉴定出一种新型抗菌物质苯乳酸（PLA）。进一步分析发现,PLA主要在食醋酿造的醋酸发酵阶段产生。对77种来自不同国家食醋中的PLA含量进行分析,结果表明73种食醋中都检测到PLA,且谷物醋中PLA的含量均明显高于果醋中的PLA含量。     

New vinegar production from onions

The possibility of producing a new type of vinegar from worthless onions, which fail to meet the quality standards required for marketing, was investigated. Several kinds of onion were initially tested as raw material for vinegar production, and vinegar was successfully produced from the juice of a red onion, the cultivar Kurenai, by batch culture using yeast and Acetobacter aceti. Nutritional analysis revealed that the potassium content of onion vinegar was extremely high, while the amount of sodium was lower than that in conventional vinegars. It was also shown that the total amino acid and total organic acid contents of the onion vinegar were respectively 1.6-6.9 times and 3.5-11.5 times those in other kinds of vinegars.     

Screening of bioactive components in grape and apple vinegars: Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential

Vinegars contain several bioactive compounds that are characterized according to the type of the raw material, such as grape vinegars and apple vinegars. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was used for identification and quantification of phenolic compounds. Antioxidant properties of vinegars were determined by 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid assays. Antimicrobial activities of vinegars were examined with an agar disc diffusion method with Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Gallic acid and chlorogenic acid were found to be the major phenolic acids accounting for the largest proportion of the total phenolic acid contents in grape vinegars and apple vinegars. Within the flavonols, quercetin‐3‐O‐galactoside and quercetin were detected as the major compounds in grape vinegars. Apple vinegars were characterized by phloridzin, phloretin and high chlorogenic acid content. Antimicrobial activity results indicated that grape vinegars exhibited higher antimicrobial activity against tested bacterial strains correlated with their higher antioxidant capacity. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Classification of Brazilian vinegars according to their H NMR spectra by pattern recognition analysis

This work describes using ¹H NMR data and pattern recognition analysis to classify vinegars. Vinegar authenticity is linked to raw ingredient source and manufacturing conditions. Application of PCA and HCA methods resulted in the natural clustering of the samples according to the raw material used. Wine vinegars were characterized by a high concentration of ethyl acetate, glycerol, methanol and tartaric acid, while glycerol and ethyl acetate signals were not visible in alcohol/agrin vinegars. Apple vinegars showed to be richer in alanine. The KNN, SIMCA and PLS-DA methods were used to build predictive models for classification of vinegar type wine, apple and alcohol/agrin (27 samples - 22 as training set). The models were tested using an independent set (5 samples), no samples were wrongly classified. Validated models were used to predict the class of 21 commercial samples, which, as expected, were correctly classified. Eight commercial vinegars (honey, orange, pineapple and rice) were discriminated from these samples using PCA method. Honey vinegars did not present ethanol signals and pineapple vinegars presented the largest amount of tartaric acid. Rice and orange vinegars are richer in lactic acid and did not present the methanol signal. Alanine signals were not visible in orange vinegars.     

苹果酒、醋中香气物质分析

采用GC-MS法对'95-54'、'95-117'苹果酒、醋中的香气物质的种类与含量进行检测分析.95-54苹果酒中检测出48种香气物质,占总峰面积的90.36％.95-54苹果醋中检测出42种香气物质,占总峰面积的98.66％.95-117苹果酒中检测出43种香气类物质,占总峰面积的86.59％.95-117苹果醋中检测出49种香气物质,占总峰面积的99.37％.这些香气物质主要是醇类、醛类、酮类、酸类、酯类、缩醛类和萜烯类.分析得出不同品种的苹果酒和苹果醋都存在一定的共性和差异,苹果酒和醋之间的香气差异也均符合酒醋基本特征.     

柿果醋酿造过程中抗氧化性能的变化

目的：揭示柿果醋生产过程中抗氧化性能变化规律及其物质基础。方法：以水柿为原料、采用一步发酵方法,对柿果醋生产过程中主要抗氧化物质含量和抗氧化性能的变化以及它们之间的相关性进行研究。结果：总酚、总黄酮和VC含量在发酵阶段都呈先升高后降低趋势,在陈酿过程中呈缓慢上升趋势,三者含量相互间存在极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01);柿果醋的总抗氧化能力在发酵过程快速上升,在陈酿中呈缓慢上升趋势,与总酸含量呈极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01);柿果醋对DPPH自由基的清除能力与总黄酮、总酸和VC含量呈显著正相关关系(P＜0.05),对羟自由基的清除能力与总酚含量呈极显著正相关关系(P＜0.01)。结论：柿果醋具有极强的抗氧化能力,其抗氧化作用是果醋中多种成分共同作用的结果。     

HS-SPME-GC-MS测定中国四大名醋的香气成分

采用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱质谱联用仪对山西老陈醋、江苏镇江香醋、福建永春老醋、阆中保宁醋不同品牌和年份的8个 醋样进行香气物质检测分析。 结果表明,8个醋样含有酸类10种、酯类14种、醇类4种、酚类6种、醛类10种、酮类4种、吡嗪类5种、呋喃类 4种、其他类11种;四大名醋的香气成分种类繁多且差异明显,其具有各自的独有香气成分,其中山西老陈醋6种,镇江香醋5种,永春 老醋2种,保宁醋4种。 山西老陈醋的吡嗪类成分中2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪含量最高,平均580.75 μg/L;镇江香醋B2的乙偶姻中含量最高 为562.6 μg/L。 本研究为进一步研究各类食醋原料、微生物和香气成分之间的关系打下良好基础。     

不同类型食醋的香气特征及挥发性成分分析

使用超快速气相色谱电子鼻检测市售的香醋、米醋、陈醋3 类共25 个品牌发酵食醋,通过保留指数和外标法对3 类食醋的挥发性化合物进行定性和定量分析,结合气味活性值构建食醋风味轮,比较不同种类食醋挥发性香气差异与化合物含量间关系,并以线性判别分析和随机森林法研究食醋的挥发性化合物差异,进而实现对食醋的区分。从3 类食醋中共检测出44 种挥发性化合物,主要包括醇类、酯类、醛类、酮类、酸类、烷烃类和杂环类。酸类在食醋中含量最高,其次为醇类和醛类,而烷烃类含量最低。食醋样品的气味活性值和气味雷达图说明乙酸、3-甲基丁醛、苯乙醛、5-甲基糠醛、愈创木酚等对香气贡献较大。香醋的酸味、水果香和坚果可可香高于米醋和陈醋。但陈醋的花香高于其他两类。线性判别分析表明,不同品牌和不同种类的食醋均存在明显差异;随机森林通过机器学习对食醋样品的训练和测试,准确度最终达到100%,对不同种类的食醋区分显著,并筛选出3-甲基丁醇、愈创木酚、苯甲醛、丙酮可作为食醋种类鉴别的重要化合物。     

提高柑桔果醋中烟酸含量的研究

对柑桔果醋发酵过程中烟酸含量的变化进行了研究。通过对不同发酵条件的比较,结果发现烟酸主要是由酵母代谢产生。证明了柑桔清酒中添加适量酒母与酵母膏进行醋酸发酵,所得果醋的烟酸含量最高,达326mg/L。研究了不同发酵条件对烟酸含量的影响,并使烟酸含量提高至390mg/L。所研制的保健果醋中烟酸含量约为市售米醋的3倍,且黄酮含量较高。