Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from marine macro-algal biomass

Activated carbons prepared from two macro-algal biomass Sargassum longifolium (SL) and Hypnea valentiae (HV) have been examined for the removal of phenol from aqueous solution. The activated carbon has been prepared by zinc chloride activation. Experiments have been carried out at different activating agent/precursor ratio and carbonization temperature, which had significant effect on the pore structure of carbon. Developed activated carbon has been characterized by BET surface area (S(BET)) analysis and iodine number. The carbons, ZSLC-800 and ZHVC-800, showed surface area around 802 and 783 m(2)g(-1), respectively. The activated carbon developed showed substantial capability to adsorb phenol from aqueous solutions. The kinetic data were fitted to the models of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. Column studies have also been carried out with ZSLC-800 activated carbon.     

柑橘皮中孔活性炭的制备及性能表征

以柑橘皮为原料,以氯化锌为活化剂,采用一步炭化法制备了中孔活性炭.研究了浸渍比、炭化温度及保温时间对孔结构的影响,通过BET、D-R方程、BJH方程及Kelvin理论表征了活性炭的孔结构,采用红外光谱分析样品的表面官能团,透射电镜观察微观形貌.柑橘皮中孔活性炭的适宜制备条件为:活化剂漫渍比3:1,炭化温度550℃,保温时间1h;所得活性炭中孔容积1.438cm3/g,中孔率占68.5%,BET比表面积为1476m2/g;该活性炭孔径分布集中,平均孔径3.88nm.利用中孔活性炭吸附垃圾渗滤液生化尾水,UV254值和TOC去除率分别为94.7%、66.4%.3DEEM证明该活性炭对DOM中的类富里酸具有良好的吸附性能,紫外区类和可见区类富里酸荧光强度分别降低49.1%、81.6%.     

炼油厂石油焦活性炭的制备

用炼油厂石油焦为原料,以ＫＯＨ为活性剂进行活化制备活性炭,考察了活化温度、活化时间以及活化剂用量对ＢＥＴ比表面积和亚甲基蓝吸附的影响,优化出最佳工艺过程：活化温度为８００ ℃,活化时间为１ ｈ,活化剂与石油的用量比为５：１。用双柱定容容量法测定了实验制备活性炭对甲烷的吸附量,与常用活性炭比较,是其吸附量的５ 倍左右。     

活化剂用量对活性碳纳米管电化学容量的影响

采用KOH为活化剂，通过改变活化剂用量，得到不同活化程度的活性碳纳米管．将这些ACNTs分别作为电极材料应用于电化学超级电容器，经电化学容量性能测试，发现ACNTs的电化学容量随活化剂用量的变化而变化，当mKOH／mcNT要s=3时，达到最大值．同时用TEM和HRTEM对ACNTs进行形貌分析，用氮气自动吸附仪测试了ACNTs的比表面积和等温吸附曲线，发现ACNTs的电化学容量随活化剂用量的变化与其BET比表面积有直接关系，其BET比表面积的大小决定其电化学容量的高低．     

Performance optimization of coagulation/flocculation in the treatment of wastewater from a polyvinyl chloride plant

This paper presents results of an experimental study of coagulation/flocculation process of wastewater generated from a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plant. The wastewater contains fine chlorine-based solid materials (i.e. latex). Experiments were carried out using a model wastewater which is chemically identical to the actual plant but is more consistent. Inorganic ions (Al2(SO4)3, FeCl3 and CaCl2) and a water soluble commercial polyelectrolyte (PE) were added to the wastewater sample. Coagulation efficiency was determined by measuring both the turbidity of the supernatants and the relative settlement of the flocs in the jar test. It was found that aluminum and ferric ions were more efficient than calcium ions as coagulants. The addition of polyelectrolyte was found to improve substantially the coagulation/flocculation process. It was found that the (Al2(SO4)3) combined with the polyelectrolyte at certain pH and agitation speed gave the best results compared to calcium chloride or ferric chloride when combined with the same concentration of polyelectrolyte. Only 0.0375g of a solution of (0.5% Al2(SO4)3) was required to coagulate the model wastewater. Ferric chloride (2.5% FeCl3) combined with the polyelectrolyte, on the other hand, required 0.1g while the optimum turbidity is almost the same. As for calcium chloride (2.5% CaCl2) it was found to be the least effective. The coagulation/flocculation process was found to be dependent on both pH and the agitation speed.     

以超临界和亚临界水活化掺金属化合物的酚醛树脂制备球形活性炭(英文)

以掺稀土金属化合物氯化铈的酚醛树脂为原料,采用超临界和亚临界水活化制备了具有较好中孔结构和机械强度的球形活性炭。通过77K氮气吸附对所制球形活性炭进行表征,并研究不同活化方法、活化条件对其孔隙结构的影响。结果表明:氯化铈具有催化作用,在超临界水环境下促进了孔结构的发展,优势中孔分布于4nm和7nm;而活化方法和活化压力对孔结构的影响较小。     

Facile fabrication of activated carbonized horseweed-based biomaterials and their application in supercapacitors

Carbonized horseweed was prepared for the first time using KOH as activating agent and employed as an electrode material. Varying the KOH/C weight ratio had a dramatic effect on the electrochemical capacitance of this electrode material. The obtained results showed that the sample prepared using a KOH/C weight ratio of 5/1 exhibited the highest specific surface area of 1469 m² g^?1, with average pore diameter of 3.18 nm. Further, this sample also exhibited the highest specific capacitance (184.2 F g^?1) at a current density of 0.4 A g^?1 in 6 M KOH electrolyte. In addition, the sample retained 97.6 % of its initial specific capacitance even after 1000 cycles, owing to the formation of a microporous/mesoporous structure by the activation process, the structure which provided suitable sites for charge transport and electrolyte diffusion. Thus, activated microporous carbon materials derived from horseweed could be effective as electrode materials in supercapacitors.     

Preparation and sorption properties of porous materials from refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF)

Porous materials consisting of activated carbon and amorphous CaO-Al(2)O(3)-SiO(2) (CAS) compound were prepared from refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF), (a mixture of old paper and plastic) by carbonizing and/or activating treatments. Samples formed by chemical activation using K(2)CO(3) showed a high specific surface area (S(BET)) of 1330 m(2)/g but a lower ash content due to being washed after activation. By contrast, samples prepared by physical activation using steam showed rather lower S(BET) (510 m(2)/g) due to higher ash contents. The physically activated samples showed much higher uptake properties for Ni(2+) (a representative heavy metal) and phosphate ions (a representative of a harmful oxyanion) than the chemically activated samples because of the higher content of amorphous CAS in the former samples. By contrast, the chemically activated samples showed higher uptake for methylene blue (MB, a representative organic material) than the physically activated samples because of the higher activated carbon content of higher surface area. Although differences in the sorption properties for Ni(2+), phosphate ion and MB were found between the physically and chemically activated samples, both samples show excellent multiple sorption properties for cation-anion combinations and inorganic-organic sorbents.     

三元FeCl3-AlCl3-GIC的制备及其插层反应过程的研究

采用混合熔融盐法制备以天然鳞片石墨作宿主、以FeCl3和AlCl3为插层剂的GIC。通过考察反应温度、碳与金属氯化物的摩尔比以及保温时间对产物阶结构的影响，探讨了FeCl3和AlCl3在石墨层间的插层反应过程。实验结果表明：调节和控制插层反应条件，可以得到一阶FeCl3-GIC和一阶AlCl3-GIC相对含量不同的三元FeCl3-AlCl3-GIC。插层过程中存在通过生成中间产物AlFeCl6，以FeCl3逐渐替换AlCl3的插层反应机制。替换量随插层反应温度的升高、保温时间的延长和碳与金属氯化物的摩尔比的降低而增大。     

磷酸法活化煤焦油渣制备活性炭研究

研究了以陕西煤焦油渣作为原料,用磷酸作为活化剂,在400～1000℃的条件下经一步炭活化法制备活性炭。研究了炭活化温度、时间、料剂比对煤焦油渣制备活性炭吸附性能及孔结构的影响。实验结果表明炭活化温度、炭活化时间主要影响活性炭产品的得率,高温和长时间会导致更多的碳损失;活性炭的吸附性能及孔结构主要受炭活化温度和料剂比影响。最佳活化工艺条件为850℃、3h、1∶3。通过其活性炭表面孔径分布及表面官能团含量变化表征,用磷酸浸泡煤焦油渣制备活性炭有利于大、中孔结构的产生,其最佳活化条件下孔径分布约在20～100nm。     

Pore size control and electrochemical capacitor behavior of chemically activated polyacrylonitrile – Carbon nanotube composite films

Activated polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite film based electrodes have been prepared by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide for electrochemical capacitors. This paper analyses the following aspects of specific capacitance, pore size distribution and surface area: influence of activation temperature, molarity of activating agent, composition of PAN/carbon nanotube precursor films and electrolytes. A maximum value of specific capacitance of ∼302 Fg⁻¹ was achieved for the samples activated at 800 °C. Energy density for PAN/CNT 80/20 sample when tested with ionic liquid/organic electrolyte system was as high as ∼22 W h kg⁻¹. Pore size control predominantly below 5 nm was observed in these activated PAN samples. Data analysis showed that micropores make a significant contribution to the capacitance performance of these materials in both 6 M KOH as well as in BMIMBF₄/acetonitrile electrolytes.     

EDTA辅助水热法制备不同形貌的氟化镁钠

以氟化钠、六水合氯化镁为主要原料, EDTA (乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐)为辅助剂, 通过水热法制备出不同形貌的氟化镁钠。考察了溶液pH、反应温度、时间和络合剂对产物形貌和物相的影响, 并对其形成机理进行了探讨。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)等手段对产物形貌和物相进行了表征。结果表明: 在该反应体系中, EDTA既作为原料提供钠离子, 又作为络合剂与镁离子形成络合物; 反应温度、pH和络合剂对产物的形貌和物相有较大影响; 所得产物结晶度高, 有表面光滑的微米立方体晶体和纳米粒子聚集的微米空心球颗粒, 粒径均在1~3 μm之间。     

非金属材料化学镀镍活化工艺研究

对非金属化学镀镍活化方法的研究进行了概述,提出了以特定镍盐溶液为活化液的直接活化法,代替传统的贵金属活化工艺。采用该活化法可在陶瓷或玻璃基体上生成具有较大催化活性的表面吸附金属态镍,然后化学镀镍,得到光亮、完整且结合力良好的Ni-P合金镀层。对直接活化的原理、活化时间、热处理时间和温度以及活化剂浓度等因素的影响也进行了讨论。     

中间相沥青基碳电极材料的制备工艺优化与性能

以煤焦油沥青为原料,采用"中间相调制-化学活化"工艺制备了超级电容器用活性碳电极材料,考察了中间相调制温度对活性碳晶体结构、孔径分布、电容量特性的影响,并分析了中间相沥青的调制过程及不同实验条件对活性碳晶体结构、孔径分布、电容量特性的影响。结果表明,中间相沥青调制温度主要集中在190～492.5℃,随中间相调制温度升高,活性碳电极材料的振实密度明显增大,在500℃条件下制备的活性碳材料具有最高的比电容量,达到103F/g,较高的调制温度能提升活性碳中碳的边缘层含量,从而提高材料的面积比电容量。     

超级电容器用活性炭的制备与电化学表征

以煤焦油沥青为前驱体,采用化学活化法制备了超级电容器用高比表面活性炭和活性炭电极.考察了活化温度对活性炭电极比电容量的影响,研究了活性炭材料的比表面积和孔结构与活性炭电极的充放电性能之间的关系,并对活性碳电极进行了电化学表征.结果表明,在500～700℃,随着活化温度的提高,活性炭电极的比电容量显著增大,当活化温度超过700℃时,活性炭电极材料的比电容量变化不明显.700℃活化温度下所制备的活性炭材料呈现明显的多孔结构,孔容为1.038cm3/g,比表面积为1959m2/g;所制成的活性炭电极比电容量为210F/g,等效内阻为0.9Ω/cm2,10mA/cm2充放电500次后保持90%以上电容量,交流阻抗谱在频率低于转化点时表现出纯粹的电容行为,循环伏安曲线显示出良好的可逆特性.     

Fracture surface roughness in highly deformable polymers

The fracture surface roughness was determined for five highly deformable polymers (styrene-butadiene rubber, two ethylene-propylene rubbers, low density polyethylene and plasticized polyvinyl chloride) as a function of rate and temperature. The mechanical hysteresis for the same materials was also measured as a function of rate, temperature and strain amplitude. Although the surface roughness does not correlate with crack velocity, it does so uniquely with the effective hysteresis in the material surrounding the propagating crack. A simple physical explanation is advanced for the universal dependence of roughness on hysteresis in these materials.On leave of absence from the Bridgestone Tyre Company, Research Department, 2800-Ogawa Higashi-Machi, Kodairy-shi, Tokyo, Japan.     

氮化铝超微粉的绿色合成

本文以碳酸钠和氯化铝沉淀制得的活性氧化铝为原材料,在高温下与氨气反应,制得氮化铝粉体,并对比掺杂氧化镧前后,活性氧化铝生成氮化铝条件的不同。实验过程中,运用XRD对制得的粉体进行物相分析。结果表明,当反应温度达到1 200℃时,掺杂镧的氧化铝能制得纯净的氮化铝粉体,而未掺杂镧的氧化铝则需要更高的温度。     

Inverse temperature dependence of activation volume in ultrafine-grained copper processed by accumulative roll-bonding

Tensile tests and strain-rate jump tests were carried out at several temperatures below room temperature on Cu processed by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB). The temperature dependences of the flow stress and the activation volume were determined. In contrast to conventional coarse-grained materials where the activation volume increases with increasing temperature, the ARB processed copper by 8 cycles with ultrafine-grains showed inverse temperature dependence of activation volume, i.e., decreased activation volume with increasing temperature. This inverse temperature dependence of the activation volume is discussed in terms of thermally activated dislocation bow-out from grain-boundaries.     

混凝-粉末活性炭吸附-超滤工艺去除砂滤池反洗水溶解性有机物

通过混凝-粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附-浸没式超滤膜(UF)组合工艺去除砂滤池反洗水(FBWW)中溶解性有机物(DOM),以降低后续回用过程中消毒副产物(DBPs)生成量。试验对3种混凝药剂——聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(FeCl3)、聚合氯化铝(PACl)处理FBWW的效果进行了比较,探讨其对UV254和水溶性有机物(DOC)的去除效果。结果表明,PFS对有机物去除效果优于PACl和FeCl3;PFS与粉末活性炭混合投加可增加有机物去除率,粉末活性炭为20mg/L,PFS为8mg/L时出水浊度为0.85NTU,UV254和DOC去除率分别为43%和31%;采用混凝-PAC吸附-超滤膜(UF)处理FBWW对UV254和DOC去除率分别达到51%和41%,出水浊度为0.19NTU,UV254为0.031cm-1,DOC为2.76mg/L.此工艺可有效降低反冲洗水中DOM含量,达到重新利用净水厂废水的目标.     

非晶态Ni—Si—B系合金在FeCl3溶液中的腐蚀行为

用失重法研究了几种Ｎｉ－Ｓｉ－Ｂ系合金在ＦｅＣｌ３溶液中腐蚀行为，分别考查了腐蚀速率与材料组分，表面状态，溶液温度，浓度及ｐＨ值的关系。结果表明：随着Ｎｉ含量增加，表面状态越粗糙，溶液浓度增加，温度升高，ＰＨ值降低，均将使腐蚀速率增加。