基于声传感阵列的地面标记信号增强方法（英文）

漏磁式管道内检测器广泛应用于长距离输油管道缺陷检测中,声学地面标记器作为管道外定位装置的重要组成部分,具有重要的研究价值.然而当管道埋地深度超过4 m时,由声学地面标记器采集到的管道内检测器与管道的摩擦声信号被噪声淹没,不能提取定位信息.为了解决摩擦声信号信噪比低的问题,提出采用声传感器阵列技术对摩擦声信号进行增强.根据管道内检测器与管壁摩擦声的特征,研究合适的时延估计方法,精确得到几路传感器的时延,再利用延迟-相加波束形成的方法抑制噪声,提高摩擦声的信噪比,增加基于摩擦声的地面标记方法的检测深度.为了验证声传感器阵列对管道内检测器摩擦声信号的增强效果,在河北廊坊中石化管道局的2.5 km长管道上进行多次现场实验,实验结果表明延迟-相加波束形成算法能够将摩擦声的信噪比提高了20 d B,并且有效的埋地管道检测深度可增至8 m.     

基于地震波传感器阵列的管道地面标记系统

地面标记系统是管道内检测的重要组成部分,可以显著减小内检测器在石油管道缺陷检测中产生的里程误差,提高对管道缺陷的定位精度.针对目前管道越埋越深的问题,本文提出了一种基于地震波传感器阵列的地面标记器技术.当检测器在管道内运动时,会与管道内壁的焊缝产生摩擦,产生地震波信号.地面标记器通过高灵敏度的地震波传感器可以采集到这种地震波信号.由于不同目标产生地震波信号的频率、能量等特征不同,本文使用基于经验模态分解（empirical mode decomposition,EMD）的方法对信号进行特征提取.首先将信号用EMD分解为几个固有模态函数分量（intrinsic mode function,IMF）;然后计算各个IMF分量归一化的能量分布,将IMF能量分布作为信号的特征向量;最后使用基于支持向量机的神经网络来对地震波信号进行模式识别,用来识别有效信号和干扰信号.通过模拟实验,识别正确率达到了93%,验证了本文提出的地面标记系统的有效性.     

用BASIC语言直接向ROM写入计算数据的一种方法

在工程设计中.有时需要将使用某一数学模型计算的值直接写入ROM中.以作控制之用.例如,在声呐波束形成器中,现在广泛采用RAM作时延部件,为了实现对不同阵元、不同方位声信号的延迟补偿.一般要将输入信号采样值顺序写入RAM中,通过改变RAM的读地址来实现所需要的时间延迟.以达到信号同相相加形成波束的目的.     

被动声学液体管道微泄漏内检测方法研究

针对液体管道微泄漏（小于1 L/min）难以检测和识别的问题,建立基于被动声学的液体管道微泄漏内检测方法,研究管道微泄漏的声学机理,并搭建实验平台。采用管道内置高灵敏度声学传感器的方式,进行不同泄漏孔径和和泄漏内压下微泄漏声学实验,微泄漏声信号幅值随泄漏孔径和泄漏内压呈正相关变化。利用改进EMD(IEMD)-小波阈值降噪算法对微泄漏声信号进行降噪处理,以减少噪声对真实泄漏信号的影响。提取并定义不同信号处理领域（时域、频域）的特征参数,如均值、标准差、均方根、峰峰值等,以表示微泄漏的复杂性。将特征参数作为下一步管道泄漏识别的数据库,并将数据分为实验组和验证组。采用网格参数寻优支持向量机（SVM）构建自动分类模型对管道微泄漏进行识别,降低人工误判概率。研究结果表明：管道微泄漏识别准确率达到97.87%,可以实现对管道微泄漏的准确识别。研究结果可为声学内检测器的研发提供理论基础。     

距离对连续性泄漏声源定位精度的影响研究

波束形成是一种较成熟的声源定位算法,已被成功应用于大型混凝土等结构的健康检测[1],但该方法多用于主动检测或对突发性信号的被动检测。波束形成算法将被用于对连续性声信号的被动检测及源定位,利用L型传感器阵列,通过在1 m×1 m×2.5 mm的镁铝合金平板上实施实验,从原理和实验两方面研究阵列与泄漏源之间的距离对基于波束形成算法的声源定位技术定位精度的影响。实验结果将为该技术在实际应用中传感器阵列的布局提供参考数据。     

噪声相关条件下多传声器时延多尺度估计

提出一种基于小波分解的多尺度时延估计方法,解决非稳态、有色噪声且通道间噪声存在相关性的条件下提高时延估计精度问题,并把这一理论应用于声阵列对声源的定位.利用小波良好的时间-频率分解性能将非稳态信号分解为多个稳态信号,同一尺度内进行互相关获得多尺度时延值,并证明了小波分解不会改变信号之间的固有时延值.针对不同尺度内时延值不一致、无法识别出正确时延值这一问题,提出用三传声器之间时延匹配关系消除噪声相关性,来识别正确时延,从而实现非稳态、噪声相关条件下的时延估计.最后通过正四方形声阵列试验检验了该方法,试验证明:该方法不但提高了识别率、细化和突出了相关函数的波峰,还提高了时延估计的稳定性和精度.     

基于地震动信号的管道安全监测系统的研究

针对目前广泛存在的油气管道周边安全问题，提出基于地震波信号检测和处理的管道安全监测方法．地震检波器组及处理单元组成的检测系统采集管道周围地面入侵目标在活动时产生的地震动信号；由于不同目标产生地震波信号的频率、能量等特征不同，通过小波变换的时频分析方法处理这些信号，可以获得不同传感器测量信号中入侵目标特征频率出现的时间差异；根据时间差和传感器阵列与入侵目标的相对位置，实现对入侵目标的空间定位．通过对实验外场实测数据的分析验证了本文提出的方法．     

广义互相关时延估计声定位算法研究

针对地面目标声定位因信噪比较低而定位精度差的现象,提出了基于广义互相关法的声定位系统,根据平面四元法目标定位计算式,研究了广义互相关算法在实际中的应用。环境噪声、军事目标声和民用目标声频谱范围大多集中,即出现目标声会与背景噪声高度重合的情况,发现一般加窗滤波法在降低噪声的同时亦会将目标声强度大大削弱,而广义互相关时延估计法是通过计算两路信号互相关函数的最大值而求得时延差,其精度高、稳定性好。通过计算机仿真得到在信噪比较低的情况下,加窗滤波因大大削弱目标声强度而造成定位精度较低,而利用广义互相关方法可得到较为精确的声定位坐标。     

基于时延估计改进的主动隔声耳罩语音增强算法

为实现高噪声场所中的听力保护和不同角度入射声源的语音增强，文章采用基于谱减法改进的广义互相关（Generalized Cross Correlation, GCC）时延估计方法对麦克风阵列接收信号进行同步处理，将同步后的阵列信号与基于广义旁瓣抵消器（Generalized Sidelobe Canceller, GSC）的主动隔声耳罩语音增强算法结合，实现噪声抑制和语音增强。首先以GCC算法为基础，引入多窗谱估计的谱减法作为时延估计信号的预处理环节，提高传声器接收信号的信噪比对算法进行改进。随后对加入谱减法的GCC时延估计算法，比较分析了取不同加权函数的仿真结果。最后由时延估计结果对麦克风阵列信号进行时延补偿，对改进后的主动隔声耳罩语音增强算法的噪声抑制和语音增强效果进行了分析。与改进前算法相比，在不同噪声环境下输出的语音信号质量有明显提升。     

基于麦克风阵列的罐装食品真空度在线检测

声音频谱峰值法被广泛应用于罐装食品真空度检测领域,但是当检测环境出现声音强度较大且与罐盖振动产生的声音的频段相同的噪声时,该方法可能做出误判。为此,提出声学阵列法:由麦克风阵列采集多路混合声信号,采用稀疏半非负矩阵分解从混合声信号中分离出干净的罐盖振动产生的声音,再利用声音频谱峰值法判断真空度是否合格。该文研究稀疏半非负矩阵分解的数学模型,并且推导求解稀疏半非负矩阵分解的迭代优化函数。实验结果表明,无噪声环境下,声音频谱峰值法和声学阵列法的真空度检测结果均准确,但在噪声环境下,声音频谱峰值法出现误判时,声学阵列法仍能做出准确判断。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.