Cu/Zn/Al/Zr纳米纤维催化剂上的CO2加氢合成甲醇过程

A highly active Cu/Zn/Al/Zr fibrous catalyst was developed for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation.Various factors that affect the activity of the catalyst,including the reaction temperature,pressure and space velocity,were investigated.The kinetic parameters in Graaf’s kinetic model for methanol synthesis were obtained.A quasistable economical process for CO₂ hydrogenation through CO circulation was simulated and higher methanol yield was obtained.     

反应条件对钌催化剂和铁催化剂的氨合成性能影响

Activated carbon-supported Ru-based catalyst and A301 iron catalyst were prepared,and the influences of reaction temperature,space velocity,pressure,and H2/N2 ratio on performance of iron catalyst coupled with Ru catalyst in series for ammonia synthesis were investigated.The activity tests were also performed on the single Ru and Fe catalysts as comparison.Results showed that the activity of the Ru catalyst for ammonia synthesis was higher than that of the iron catalyst by 33.5%-37.6% under the reaction conditions:375-400 °C,10 MPa,10000 h-1,H2︰N2 3,and the Ru catalyst also had better thermal stability when treated at 475 °C for 20 h.The outlet ammonia concentration using Fe-Ru catalyst was increased by 45.6%-63.5% than that of the single-iron catalyst at low tem-perature (375-400 °C),and the outlet ammonia concentration increased with increasing Ru catalyst loading.     

一种新γ相氧化铝负载的铁铝双金属催化剂用于反向水煤气转化反应(英文)

In reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction CO₂ is converted to CO which in turn can be used to produce beneficial chemicals such as methanol. In the present study, Mo/Al₂O₃, Fe/Al₂O₃ and Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts were synthesised using impregnation method. The structures of catalysts were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), CO chemisorption, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Kinetic properties of all catalysts were investigated in a batch reactor for RWGS reaction. The results indicated that Mo existence in structure of Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst enhances its activity as compared to Fe/Al₂O₃. This enhancement is probably due to better Fe dispersion and smaller particle size of Fe species. Stability test of Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst was carried out in a fixed bed reactor and a high CO yield for 60 h of time on stream was demonstrated. Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ phase was found in the structures of fresh and used catalysts. TPR results also indicate that Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ phase has low reducibility, therefore the Fe₂(MoO₄)₃ phase signifificantly inhibits the reduction of the remaining Fe oxides in the catalyst, resulted in high stability of Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Overall, this study introduces Fe-Mo/Al₂O₃ as a novel catalyst with high CO yield, almost no by-products and fairly stable for RWGS reaction.     

Superior resistance to alkali metal potassium of vanadium-based NH3-SCR catalyst promoted by the solid superacid SO42--TiO2

The significant decrease of acid sites caused by alkali metal poisoning is the major factor in the deactivation of commercial V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂NH₃-SCR catalysts.In this work,the solid superacid SO₄^2--TiO₂ modified by sulfate radicals,was selected as the catalyst support,which showed superior potassium resistance.The physicochemical properties and K-poisoning resistance of the V₂O₅-WO₃     

Search for Effective Catalysts for the Development of Engines Based on the Products of Catalytic Decomposition of N_2O

The paper presents requirements for the N₂O decomposition catalyst and provides justification for the selection of components to develop its formulation.The methods to study the physical and chemical as well as catalytic properties of catalysts were developed,and the results of experimental studies on the properties of catalysts with different composition in the laboratory conditions were presented.The activity of samples of compact metal catalysts as well as samples of supported metal and oxide catalysts in the nitrous oxide decomposition reaction was studies.The methodology for determining the activity of catalysts in the decomposition reaction of N₂O is presented,as well as the design of an experimental reactor for determining the activity of the catalyst by the minimum temperature for the onset of the decomposition reaction of N₂O.In the course of the study,the following series of catalyst activity are determined in the N₂O decomposition reaction up to a temperature of 600℃:based on platinum group metals applied to the aluminum oxide carrier-Rh>Ru>Ir>Pt>Pd;based on simple oxides applied to the aluminum oxide carrier-CoO>Cr₂O₃,MnO₂>CuO>ZrO₂>NiO>Fe₂O₃.The following activity series for the most promising carriers are also determined:by the onset temperature of decomposition,ZrO₂>Al₂O₃-CaO>Al₂O₃-ZrO₂>Al₂O₃-AlN>θ-Al₂O₃>Al₂O₃-SiO₂>SiO₂>α-Al₂O₃;by the rate constants of N₂O decomposition,Al₂O₃-SiO₂>Al₂O₃-AlN>ZrO₂>Al₂O₃>Al₂O₃-ZrO₂>Al₂O₃-CaO>α-Al₂O₃>SiO₂.The paper presents the results of selecting the active component and carriers for the supported catalyst.The author proposes formulations of the nitrous oxide decomposition catalyst for bench testing in simulated engines.     

Catalytic kinetics of dimethyl ether one-step synthesis over CeO_2–CaO–Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst in sulfur-containing syngas process

CeO_2–CaO–Pd/HZSM-5 catalyst was prepared for the dimethyl ether(DME) one-step synthesis in a continuous fixed-bed micro-reactor from the sulfur-containing syngas. The catalytic stability over hybrid catalyst of CeO_2–CaO–Pd/HZSM-5 was investigated to ensure that the kinetics experimental results were not significantly influenced by induction period and catalytic deactivation. A large number of kinetic data points(40 sets) were obtained over a range of temperature(240–300 °C), pressure(3–4 MPa), gas hourly space velocity(GHSV)(2000–3000 L·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)) and H_2/CO mole ratio(2–3). Kinetic model for the methanol synthesis reaction and the dehydration of methanol were obtained separately according to reaction mechanism and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. Regression parameters were investigated by the method combining the simplex method and Runge–Kutta method. The model calculations were in appropriate accordance with the experimental data.     

制备方法对BaNi0.2Mn0.8Al11O19－δ催化燃烧二甲醚的催化活性的影响

Catalytic combustion of dimethyl ether （DME） over hexaaluminate catalyst BaNi0.2Mn0.8Al11O19-δ has been investigated. The catalysts were prepared with the sol-gel method and reverse microemulsion method respectively and characterized by thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and transimission electron microscope. It was found that the formation of Mn, Ni modified hexaaluminate was a relatively slow process via two solid state reactions and spinel structure was a transition phase. At the same calcined temperature and time, the catalyst prepared with the reverse microemulsion method could form the hexaaluminate phase more easily than that prepared with the sol-gel method. The catalyst BaNi0.2Mn0.8Al11O19-δ prepared with the reverse micro-emulsion method appeared a plate-like morphology, while it appeared a needle-like morphology when using the sol-gel method. The catalytic activities of catalysts BaNi0.2Mn0.8Al11O19-δ prepared with two different methods for DME combustion were tested. It showed that catalyst prepared with the reverse microemulsion method had better catalytic activity, i.e. T10% of DME had decreased by 45℃, about 90% conversion of diemthyl ether at 380℃.     

Performance characteristics of fluidized bed syngas methanation over Ni-Mg/Al2O3 catalyst

The performance characteristics of isothermal fluidized bed syngas methanation for substitute natural gas are investigated over a self-made Ni–Mg/Al2O3 catalyst. Via atmospheric methanation in a laboratory fluidized bed reactor it was clarified that the CO conversion varied in 5% when changing the space velocity in 40–120 L·g?1·h?1 but the conversion increased obviously by raising the superficial gas velocity from 4 to 12.4 cm·s?1. The temperature at 823 K is suitable for syngas methanation while obvious deposition of uneasy-oxidizing Cγoccurs on the catalyst at temperatures around 873 K. From a kinetic aspect, the lowest reaction temperature is suggested to be 750 K when the space velocity is 60 L·g?1·h?1. Raising the H2/CO ratio of the syngas increased proportionally the CO conversion and CH4 selectivity, showing that at enough high H2/CO ratios the active sites on the catalyst are sufficient for CO adsorption and in turn the reaction with H2 for forming CH4. Introducing CO2 into the syngas feed suppresses the water gas shift and Boudouard reactions and thus increased H2 consumption. The ratio of CO2/CO in syngas should be better below 0.52 because varying the ratio from 0.52 to 0.92 resulted in negligible increases in the H2 conversion and CH4 selectivity but decreased the CH4 yield. Introducing steam into the feed gas affected little the CO conversion but decreased the selectivity to CH4. The tested Ni–Mg/Al2O3 catalyst manifested good stability in structure and activity even in syngas containing water vapor.     

Porous TiO2-coated Magnetic Core-Shell Nanocomposites: Preparation and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity

The core-shell structured TiO₂/SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ photocatalysts were prepared using Fe₃O₄ as magnetic core, tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as silica source and tetrabutyl titanate (TBOT) as titanium sources. The as-obtained structure was composed of a SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ core and a porous TiO₂ shell. The diameter of SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ core was about 205 nm with thickness of porous TiO₂ of about 5-6 nm. The 9%TiO₂/6% SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ microspheres possess the highest BET surface area and the BJH pore volume, which are 373.5 m²穏^-1 and 0.28 cm³穏^-1, respectively. The 9%TiO₂/6%SiO₂@Fe₃O₄ photocatalyst exhibited an excellent performance for the degradation of methyl orange and methylene blue dyes. Two different dyes were completely decolorized in 60 min under UV irradiation. The photocatalytic activity and the amount of catalyst were almost not decrease after recycling for 6 times by using external magnetic field.     

Preparation of Ni/bentonite catalyst and its applications in the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline

Ni supported on bentonite was prepared by the impregnation method with different nickel contents, applied to the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to aniline in a fixed-bed reactor, and it was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), H_2-temperature programmed reduction(H_2-TPR), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry(XPS). The results showed that Ni/bentonite catalyst with 20 wt% nickel content provided a higher conversion of nitrobenzene and selectivity of aniline compared to other catalysts. Ni O was the precursor of the active component of the catalyst, and the small crystallite size as well as the highly dispersed Ni O on the Ni/bentonite-20 catalyst, contributed to the catalytic performance. The hydrogenation of nitrobenzene was carried out at 300 °C with a H_2 gaseous hourly space velocity of 4800 ml·(g cat)~(-1)·h~(-1)and a nitrobenzene liquid hourly space velocity of4.8 ml·(g cat)~(-1)·h~(-1)over Ni/bentonite-20. A 95.7% nitrobenzene conversion and 98.8% aniline selectivity were obtained. While the nitrobenzene liquid hourly space velocity was 4.8 ml·(g cat)~(-1)·h~(-1), the yield of aniline was more than 95.0% during a 10-hour reaction.     

磁性固体超强酸的制备及催化合成乙酸异戊酯的研究

采用共沉淀法制备SO42-/Fe3O4-Al2O3-ZrO2-Nd2O3磁性固体超强酸催化剂,应用于乙酸异戊酯的合成。利用XRD、IR、EDS、SEM等测试手段对催化剂结构进行了表征,结果表明,SO42-/Fe3O4-Al2O3-ZrO2-Nd2O3磁性固体超强酸中ZrO2以四方晶相(T相)稳定存在,SO42-与金属离子以桥式双配位结合;催化剂表面疏松多孔,具有很大的比表面积。将磁性固体超强酸催化剂应用于合成乙酸异戊酯的反应中,采用均匀设计实验,利用U11(1110)表,考察了各种因素对酯化率的影响,确定最佳合成工艺条件为:催化剂加入1.58 g,n(乙酸)∶n(异戊醇)=1∶1.8,反应时间为3.16 h,酯化率达98%以上。乙酸异戊酯产品结构经折光率、红外光谱进行了表征与确认。同时实验表明,SO42-/Fe3O4-Al2O3-ZrO2-Nd2O3磁性固体超强酸催化剂可多次重复使用,活化降低不大,是一种稳定性高、选择性好的新型环境友好的催化剂。     

Role of acidity on the hydrolysis of dimethyl ether (DME) to methanol

The activity of dimethyl ether (DME) hydrolysis was investigated over a series of solid acid and non-acid catalysts, zeolite Y [Si/Al = 2.5 and 15: denoted Y(Si/Al)], zeolite ZSM-5 [Si/Al = 15, 25, 40, and 140: denoted Z(Si/Al)], silica, zirconia, γ-alumina, and BASF K3-110 (commercial Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃ catalyst). Dimethyl ether hydrolysis was carried out in an isothermal packed-bed reactor at ambient pressure.

Acid catalyzed dimethyl ether hydrolysis is equilibrium limited. All solid acid catalysts, with the exception of ZrO₂, attained equilibrium-limited conversions in the temperature range of interest (125–400 °C). Z(15), Z(25), and Z(40) reached equilibrium conversions at 200 °C, while Z(140), Y(15), and Y(2.5) reached equilibrium at 275 °C. γ-Alumina, the most active non-zeolite solid acid, attained equilibrium at 350 °C. Silica and BASF K3-110 were both ineffective in converting dimethyl ether to methanol. The observed activity trend for DME hydrolysis to methanol as a function of Si–Al ratio and catalyst type was:

     

Ni-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂加氢处理工艺条件的优化

采用固定床加氢装置对原料油(蜡油)进行加氢精制研究,采用控制变量法,考察了反应温度,液时空速,氢油比等对加氢效果的影响。以Ni-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3作为催化剂对加氢工艺进行优化,由数据表明升高温度、适当降低液时空速、增大氢油体积比,均有助于提高催化剂的脱硫和脱氮效果。Ni-Mo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂在中高压条件下,反应温度为400℃,液时空速为0.25 h~(-1),氢油体积比在2 000左右时,加氢精制的效果最好。     

固体酸对二氧化碳加氢合成二甲醚催化剂性能的影响

以Cu-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂作为甲醇合成组分,以不同固体酸作为脱水组分,制备了一系列CO2加氢合成二甲醚的复合催化剂。研究表明CO2的转化率与固体酸的酸性无关,而取决于Cu-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂上甲醇的合成速率;二甲醚的选择性取决于固体酸的酸量和酸强度,脱水速率与固体酸的中/强酸有关。HZSM-5分子筛作为复合催化剂脱水组分时,二甲醚的收率最高;硅铝比对CO2转化率无影响,但可显著地影响二甲醚选择性;低硅铝比的HZSM-5更适合作为CO2加氢合成二甲醚复合催化剂的脱水组分。     

Ni和Ce浸渍顺序对催化剂催化粗己内酰胺加氢精制的影响

以γ-Al_2O_3为载体,Ni(NO_3)_2和Ce(NO_3)_3为浸渍液,以不同顺序添加浸渍液制备一组负载型催化剂,采用比表面积分析(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H_2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等表征手段分析不同浸渍顺序对催化剂结构和性质的影响,并采用固定床反应器考察了催化剂对粗己内酰胺加氢精制反应的影响。结果表明:采用分步浸渍法,载体γ-Al_2O_3依次浸渍在Ce(NO_3)_3和Ni(NO_3)_2溶液中制备的NiO/CeO_2/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂具有较好的催化活性和稳定性,在温度90℃,压力0.8 MPa,空速0.8 h-1,氢液比75的反应条件下,其粗己内酰胺加氢精制产物高锰酸钾值(PM值)能够稳定在22 000 s。     

邻苯二甲酸二辛脂加氢催化剂的制备

以邻苯二甲酸二辛脂为原料,利用高压加氢反应评价装置,系统考察催化剂载体和活性物质的选择、活性组分负载量及焙烧温度对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,载体选择大孔γ-Al₂O₃,活性组分选择铑和钌等贵金属,并通过镧改性以降低贵金属使用量,最佳制备条件：活性组分负载质量分数0.2％～0.5％,焙烧温度为550 ℃。催化剂在220 ℃还原2 h,在反应压力10 MPa、反应温度150 ℃、空速0.75 h^-1和氢油体积比1 000∶1条件下,将不低于99.5%的邻苯二甲酸二辛脂转化为环己烷二甲酸二异辛酯。     

硫化型NiMo加氢催化剂制备与表征

以四硫代钼酸铵溶液和硝酸镍溶液为浸渍液,根据活性组分Ni和Mo浸渍顺序的不同,采用真空饱和浸渍法制备了MN系列和NM系列 NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。在固定床加氢中试反应装置上研究了NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应的催化性能,结果表明,NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应具有良好的活性和选择性。Ni助剂的加入,有利于二苯并噻吩加氢反应的活性和选择性。MN-0.3为最优NiMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。在空速10 h^-1、反应压力2.0 MPa、氢油体积比300∶1、氢气预处理温度320 ℃和反应温度300 ℃条件下,催化剂对二苯并噻吩加氢反应转化率达83.9%,加氢反应活性较高。     

Enhanced stability of Fe-modified CuO-ZnO-ZrO2-Al2O3/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalysts for dimethyl ether synthesis from CO2 hydrogenation

A series of iron (Fe) modified CuO-ZnO-ZrO2-Al2O3 (CZZA) catalysts,with various Fe loadings,were pre-pared using a co-precipitation method.A bifunctional catalyst,consisting of Fe-modified CZZA and HZSM-5,was studied for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation.The effects of Fe loading,reaction temperature,reaction pressure,space velocity,and concentrations of precursor for the synthesis of the Fe-modified CZZA catalyst on the catalytic activity of DME synthesis were investigated.Long-term stability tests showed that Fe modification of the CZZA catalyst improved the catalyst stability for DME synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation.The activity loss,in terms of DME yield,was significantly reduced from 4.2％ to 1.4％ in a 100 h run of reaction,when the Fe loading amount was 0.5 (molar ratio of Fe to Cu).An analysis of hydrogen temperature programmed reduction revealed that the introduction of Fe improved the reducibility of the catalysts,due to assisted adsorption of H2 on iron oxide.The good stability of Fe-modified CZZA catalysts in the DME formation was most likely attributed to oxygen spillover that was introduced by the addition of iron oxide.This could have inhibited the oxidation of the Cu surface and enhanced the thermal stability of copper during long-term reactions.     

用C301/P-γ-Al_2O_3催化剂合成二甲醚的动力学研究

以磷改性C301/P-γ-Al2O3为双功能催化剂,在CO/H2=1.325,温度210~300℃,压力2~4.3 MPa,空速600~1800 mL/(h.g催化剂)的条件下,进行浆态床二甲醚合成的动力学研究,并选取甲醇合成、甲醇脱水和水汽变换反应为3个独立反应,建立合成气制二甲醚的本征动力学模型。     

Ni-Cu/γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其脱氢反应研究

采用共沉淀法、浸渍法和共沉淀-浸渍法制备了3种不同的Ni-Cu/γ-Al2O3双金属催化剂,并利用微型连续管式反应器,考察了3种Ni-Cu/γ-Al2O3催化剂对氢能载体甲基环己烷(MCH)气相脱氢的催化性能。采用XRD、SEM、BET、BJH等手段对所制备的催化剂进行表征。结果表明,使用共沉淀-浸渍法制备的Ni-Cu/γ-Al2O3催化剂优于其他两种〔3种催化剂中Ni和Cu负载量均为26%且n(Ni)∶n(Cu)=8∶1〕。在反应温度673K,反应压力0.6 MPa,MCH与N2体积流量比为19∶27,混合进样体积空速240 h-1条件下,MCH脱氢转化率达到98.5%,产物甲苯的选择性接近100%。与铂等贵金属催化剂以及单金属镍催化剂相比,镍铜双金属催化剂在该反应中具有更好的应用前景。