基于近红外高光谱成像技术的宁夏羊肉产地鉴别

使用900~1700 nm高光谱成像系统采集宁夏银川、固原、盐池三个不同产地的绵羊后腿样本的近红外高光谱数据,对光谱采用面积归一化方法预处理,利用SPA、CARS、UVE算法对预处理后的光谱数据提取特征波长分别为17、40、121个;结合PLS-DA及KNN建立特征波段下的判别模型。结果表明KNN判别模型效果较差,3种特征波长中利用CARS提取的特征波长建模效果最佳,代替全光谱建立PLS-DA判别模型是可行的;综合对比模型效果,CARS-PLS-DA为最优模型,校正集正确率90.48%,预测集正确率84.21%。证明利用近红外高光谱成像技术对羊肉产地鉴别是可行的。     

基于Fisher判别法对黑龙江大米产地溯源

为了探索大米产地鉴别可行性,维护市场秩序和消费者的合法权益,该研究采用Fisher判别法(Fisher discriminant method,费希尔判别法)进行建模并结合近红外光谱技术,对2015年黑龙江5个水稻主产区(五常、佳木斯、齐齐哈尔、双鸭山、牡丹江)的118份大米粉末样品进行近红外光谱的扫描,光谱预处理方法为9点二阶求导结合5点平滑,建模波长为全波长。对模型采用留一交叉验证和预测样本集进行验证,5个地域的验证结果分别为94.4%、94.4%、91.7%、91.7%、94.4%和87.5%、87.5%、87.5%、100%、100%。预测结果达到80%以上,初步认定近红外光谱指纹分析技术可用于黑龙江大米产地溯源。     

基于可见/近红外光谱和变量选择的脐橙可溶性固形物含量在线检测

为联合可见/近红外光谱技术和变量选择方法在线检测脐橙主要内部品质指标可溶性固形物(SSC),分别选定脐橙校正集和预测集样本141个和47个,脐橙运输速度为0.3m/s,利用USB4000微型光谱仪在线采集脐橙样本的可见/近红外光谱,先分别采用无信息变量消除(UVE)和遗传算法(GA)对650~950nm波段范围的波长变量进行预筛选,再分别利用竞争自适应重加权采样(CARS)及连续投影算法(SPA)对波长变量进一步筛选,并应用偏最小二乘(PLS)方法分别建立脐橙SSC的在线预测模型,并与原始光谱等建立的预测模型进行比较。结果表明,对于脐橙SSC,预筛选方法GA优于UVE方法,变量选择方法CARS优于SPA方法;GA-CARS及GA-SPA联合变量选择方法优于对应的单一变量选择方法CARS及SPA。在上述变量选择方法中,GA-CARS方法获得的结果最优,其所建立的脐橙SSC的PLS模型的校正集和预测集相关系数分别为0.933和0.824,校正集和预测集均方根误差分别为0.429%和0.670%,性能优于原始光谱建立的PLS模型,且建模波长变量数由1 385个下降为78个,仅占原波长变量数的5.63%。由此表明,GA-CARS联合变量选择方法可以有效筛选脐橙SSC的波长变量,提高预测模型的稳定性和预测精度。     

基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速测定及特征波长特性研究

为了探索紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱测定油茶籽油掺伪量的方法,按照不同掺伪比例制备了244个油茶籽油掺伪大豆油、菜籽油、花生油、玉米油的样本,以自主搭建的实验平台采集所制备样本在200～1 100 nm范围内的反射光谱。将原始光谱进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)-连续小波变换(CWT)预处理后,利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以2∶1的比例将样本划分成校正集和预测集。采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、连续投影算法(SPA)、自主软收缩算法(BOSS)、迭代变量子集优化算法(IVSO)进行特征波长选择,分别建立基于支持向量机(SVM)、极限学习机(ELM)、随机森林(RF)的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型,同时对特征波长的特性进行了研究。结果表明：原始光谱经过SG-CWT(L5)预处理和BOSS特征波长筛选后,建立的基于SVM的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型能够鉴别掺伪量为1%及以上的油茶籽油,该模型在十折交叉验证和网格搜索法下得到最佳惩罚因子(c)和核函数(γ)分别为5.278 0和0.108 8,其预测决定系数(R_P²)、预...     

基于近红外光谱结合波长优选检测单颗葡萄的SSC含量

采用无损检测测定单颗葡萄中可溶性固形物(SSC)含量,获得个体和群体信息,以期指导田间管理、葡萄储存条件设置及满足消费者对葡萄口味的不同需求。采用手持式NIR光谱仪在950~1 650nm波长范围采集葡萄的近红外光谱,采用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归建立葡萄SSC预测模型。为了减少冗余无信息变量,增加模型的预测精度和稳定性,采用无信息变量消除法(UVE)、随机蛙算法(RF)筛选出与葡萄SSC含量相关的重要波长变量。结果表明:RF筛选建立的SSC预测模型优于全光谱PLS和UVE筛选建立的模型。RF-PLS模型的校正集、交叉验证及预测集的R2c、R2cv和R~2p分别为0.960 5,0.933 4,0.930 4,校正均方根误差(RMSEC),交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)和预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.638 2,0.829 9,0.868 8。表明通过波长优选后的,基于便携式近红外光谱在预测单颗葡萄SSC含量的应用上完全可行,有较高的预测精度。     

LS-SVM结合近红外光谱快速检测香梨可溶性糖

利用可见/近红外光谱技术对"库尔勒香梨"内部品质的快速无损检测具有非常重要的研究意义。为了解决光谱数据中由于大量无关信息的存在而导致模型精度降低的问题,探究了基于不同可见/近红外光谱特征波长筛选方法建立模型的效果。分别采用无信息变量消除算法(UVE)、后向偏最小二乘算法(BiPLS)对香梨可溶性糖的特征波长进行筛选,并将其作为输入变量分别建立偏最小二乘(PLS)、最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)模型。结果表明,UVE算法可以有效地减少建模变量,UVE-LS-SVM模型效果明显优于UVE-PLS模型,其决定系数(R~2)为0.976、预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为2.313、预测相对分析误差(RPD)为5.45,验证了UVE-LS-SVM结合近红外光谱分析技术能实现对"库尔勒香梨"可溶性糖含量的快速无损测量。     

基于衰减消去蜻蜓算法的小麦粉蛋白质近红外特征波长优选

为优选小麦粉蛋白质近红外光谱特征波长，结合指数和线性衰减函数对单群蜻蜓算法（single-binary dragonfly algorithm，single-BDA）进行改进并提出一种衰减消去蜻蜓算法（attenuation elimination-BDA，AE-BDA）。分别使用single-BDA和AE-BDA筛选160 个小麦粉样本中蛋白质近红外光谱的波长，并用偏最小二乘回归法建立蛋白质定量分析模型评价波长选择效果。结果表明：与single-BDA相比，AE-BDA所选波长数量少、稳定性强，建立的模型预测效果最佳，模型最佳的预测决定系数为0.972 7，预测标准偏差为0.281 1。8 次AE-BDA实验挑选出特征波长的平均数量为15.8 个，占原始波长数的12.6%，其中有3 个波长每次均被选中。经近红外光谱解析，各入选的波长均包含在小麦粉蛋白质及背景组分的主要吸收谱带范围内。AE-BDA能够以较高的计算效率从小麦粉近红外光谱中筛选出较少的特征波长建立蛋白质分析模型，提高了模型的预测精度和稳定性，可为近红外分析建模提供一种更加简便有效的波长优选方法。     

基于SiPLS- CARS 算法的百香果糖度无损检测

为建立一种无损快速检测百香果糖度的技术,以百香果为研究对象,利用近红外光谱技术,并结合联合区间偏最小二乘算法和竞争适应重加权采样算法对近红外光谱进行特征波长筛选,采用偏最小二乘法和支持向量机方法建立百香果糖度预测模型。结果表明：采用多元线性回归方法建立的模型优于多元非线性回归方法建立的模型,联合区间偏最小二乘算法和竞争适应重加权采样算法筛选出的特征波长点数为67 个,占全光谱的2.90%,预测模型的相关系数R2c 为0.972 7,校正集预测均方根误差（root mean square error of calibration,RMSEC）值为0.333 8,验证集的相关系数R2p 为0.967 2,验证集预测均方根误差（root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP）值为0.366 0,模型相对分析误差（relative prediction deviation,RPD）为4.506 6。研究结果能够实现百香果糖度的无损快速检测,并且可以将百香果糖度无损检测便携检设备中的模型进行简化。     

基于CARS-SPA的苹果可溶性固形物可见/近红外光谱在线检测

采用CARS(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling)联合连续投影算法(SPA)方法筛选苹果可见/近红外光谱的特征变量,继而联合多种不同建模方法建立苹果可溶性固形物(SSC)预测模型,并对预测模型进行对比研究。研究结果显示,采用CARS-SPA联合筛选出的31个变量,通过采用PLS建立苹果SSC的可见/近红外光谱在线检测模型性能最稳定,其变量数仅为原始光谱的1.69%,预测集的相关系数和均方根误差分别为0.936和0.351%。研究表明采用CARS-SPA能有效提取苹果SSC的光谱特征变量,能有效简化模型并提高模型精度。     

基于近红外高光谱成像快速无损检测注胶肉研究

采用近红外高光谱成像技术结合化学计量学方法建立注胶肉的快速无损检测模型。首先通过近红外高光谱成像系统获取含有不同浓度梯度卡拉胶的猪里脊肉高光谱图像,然后提取图像中的光谱数据,使用偏最小二乘法(Partial least square,PLS)探究光谱信息与不同掺假比例卡拉胶之间的定量关系。结果表明全波段光谱(900~1700 nm)所构建的PLS校正集模型均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)为1.74%,预测模型RMSE为3.16%。表明基于全波段所建立的PLS模型具有较优的预测性能。利用连续投影算法(Successive projection algorithm,SPA)筛选获得11个特征波长,并优化全波长PLS模型,将预测集样品带入,以验证模型的预测效果,结果表明SPA算法结合PLS建模方法所建立的模型预测效果更优,预测集相关系数(R_P)为0.93,均方根误差(Root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)为3.51%,预测偏差(Residual predictive deviation,RPD)为2.66。试验表明利用高光谱成像技术可实现对注胶猪肉的快速无损检测。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.