倍半硅氧烷改性E-51/DDS树脂体系的性能研究

用自制的γ-(2,3-环氧丙氧)丙基倍半硅氧烷为改性剂,对双酚A缩水甘油醚型环氧树脂E-51进行改性,两者配比为60/40(质量比),选用等当量的4,4'-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)为固化剂,形成环氧-倍半硅氧烷杂化材料.通过凝胶特性曲线、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)以及差示扫描量热方法(DSC)研究了该体系的固化反应特性及动力学问题;初步研究了固化体系的力学性能以及热性能.结果表明,该体系具有较好的工艺性,其固化反应的活化能是 48.7 kJ/mol,体系的热变形温度(HDT)达到200℃,热分解温度达到442℃,玻璃化转变温度(Tg)达到245℃,比相同条件下的E-51/DDS体系分别高出了31,58,20℃,体系在800℃时热残余量为25%,同时其弯曲强度和冲击强度基本保持不变.     

含酞cardo环和氰基环氧树脂的制备和性能

以酚酞(PP)和2,6-二氯苯腈为原料进行亲核取代反应合成含酞cardo环和氰基双酚化合物(PPCN),将其与环氧氯丙烷反应合成含酞cardo环和氰基环氧树脂(PPCE)。使用红外光谱和核磁共振等手段验证目标产物的结构。用动态差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究PPCE与甲基纳迪克酸酐(MNA)固化的固化工艺及固化动力学。用Kissinger方程计算出固化反应的活化能为57.78 k J/mol,用Crane方程计算出反应级数为0.76。动态热机械分析结果表明,完全固化的树脂体系的玻璃化转变温度为179℃;热失重结果表明,新型环氧树脂体系具有优异的热稳定性,用Broido方法计算出327℃~357℃阶段的活化能为52.88 k J/mol,357℃~574℃阶段的活化能为13.21 k J/mol。     

TGBAPS/MNA/EMI-24体系的固化行为研究

采用非等温动态示差扫描量热法(DSC)和热失重分析法(TGA)研究了N,N,N’,N’-四缩水甘油胺-3,3’-双(4-氨基苯氧基)二苯砜/甲基纳迪克酸酐/2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑(TGBAPS/MNA/EMI-24)体系的固化反应过程及固化物的热稳定性。由Kissinger方程和Ozawa方程求得该体系固化反应的表观活化能分别为84.1kJ/mol和87.1kJ/mol;由Crane方程求得固化反应近似为一级反应;TGBAPS/MNA/EMI-24体系固化物具有良好的耐热性能,其Tg为215℃,5%、15%和30%的失重温度分别为317℃、331℃和359℃。     

非等温DSC法研究环氧树脂/空心玻璃微珠体系固化动力学

采用非等温差示扫描量热(DSC)法研究了空心玻璃微珠(HGB)填充环氧树脂/4,4′二氨基二苯基甲烷(EP/DDM)体系的固化反应过程,计算了固化体系的动力学参数,确立了固化工艺条件。结果表明:EP/DDM/HGB体系的表观活化能为51.21kJ·mol~(-1),反应级数为0.91;HGB的加入使固化反应的起始温度提前7~12℃,峰值温度提前4~6℃,并降低了固化体系的反应焓变。     

中温固化环氧树脂体系的研究(二)固化反应表观动力学的研究

按Ellerstein的方法,用差示扫描量热分析仪对环氧6l8#树脂/DDS/促进剂AB体系的热固化反应进行了研究.借助计算机跟踪求积,仅从一条实验曲线就较准确地求出了固化反应的表观动力学方程.井对树脂体系的反应特性、贮存特性进行了预测.      

海因环氧树脂/DDS体系的制备与性能

合成了海因环氧树脂,采用红外光谱和核磁共振进行了表征,制备了海因环氧树脂/二氨基二苯砜(DDS)体系,研究了海因环氧树脂/DDS体系的固化反应特性及固化物的性能。结果表明,树脂体系在100℃~296℃有一放热峰,峰值温度为197℃,140℃的凝胶时间长于42 min,在180℃下仅8 min;树脂浇铸体的氧指数为26.6,弯曲强度为111MPa,弯曲模量为4.14 GPa,冲击强度为14.8 kJ/m2。     

核壳橡胶纳米粒子改性环氧树脂/酸酐体系固化动力学及其性能研究

采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)对一种核壳橡胶纳米粒子改性环氧树脂/酸酐体系固化反应动力学进行了研究。依据该树脂体系在不同升温速率下的DSC曲线,通过Kissinger法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法和Crane法等方法得出了该树脂体系的固化动力学参数。并对该树脂体系固化物的力学性能和耐热性能进行了研究。结果表明:该树脂体系的表观活化能为79.18kJ/mol、频率因子为1.2741×10~9s~(-1)、反应级数为0.9331;树脂体系的凝胶化温度为115.4℃、固化温度为139.4℃、后处理温度为156.05℃,其最佳固化工艺制度为"90℃/2h→115℃/2h→140℃/3h→160℃/5h";其固化物具有良好的力学性能和优良的耐热性能。     

环氧树脂/聚酰胺体系固化工艺分析

利用差热分析仪对环氧树脂E51/聚酰胺650体系的固化反应过程进行测试。分析了固化剂添加量、改性剂种类及粉煤灰微珠对体系固化反应的影响。结果表明,固化促进剂和粉煤灰微珠会降低反应起始温度,促进反应进行;固化剂添加量和稀释剂等对固化温度影响较小。根据实验结果确定预固化温度为80℃,制备固化试样并进行DTA测试,由测试结果确定后固化温度为120℃。结合预固化温度和后固化温度制备不同的固化试样测试其红外谱线,并利用内标法计算环氧基面积表征固化度,最终确定最优固化制度为预固化温度80℃(120 min),后固化温度120℃(30 min)。     

纳米氧化铝颗粒增强TDE-85型环氧树脂的固化动力学和力学性能研究

用超声分散法和程序温度固化制备了纳米氧化铝颗粒增强TDE-85型环氧树脂复合材料,研究了添加纳米氧化铝颗粒对环氧树脂固化动力学和力学性能的影响.根据示差扫描量热法(DSC)曲线,由Kissinger方法和Ozawa方法计算了固化体系固化反应的活化能,用Kissinger公式计算了Arrhenius指前因子,并用Crane方法计算了固化体系的反应级数.研究结果表明,添加纳米氧化铝颗粒增加了体系固化反应的活化能,但对反应级数和Arrhenius指前因子的影响较小;当纳米氧化铝添加量为1wt%(环氧树脂的质量分数)时,复合树脂的拉伸强度提高19%;伸长率提高34.5%.     

环磷腈型多官能度环氧树脂的合成及固化动力学

以六氯环三磷腈(HCCP)为原料合成了一种六官能度环氧树脂——六(4-缩水甘油氧基甲基苯氧基)环三磷腈(HGPCP),采用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和磷谱对其进行了结构表征和确认。选择4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)和4,4′-二氨基二苯砜(DDS)作为固化剂,采用非等温差示扫描量热法对HGPCP的热固化动力学进行了研究。研究表明,HGPCP/DDM和HGPCP/DDS固化体系的表观活化能分别为52.46 kJ/mol和61.77 kJ/mol,相比于通过Kissinger法、Crane法建立的n级动力学模型,DDM和DDS对HGPCP的固化反应更符合Eestak-Berggren双参数自催化模型。此外,结合不同升温速率的特征温度,对DDM、DDS固化HGPCP的工艺条件进行了优化。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.