化学镀Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层结构及性能研究

通过化学复合镀工艺制备了Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)对复合镀层的表面形貌及结构进行了测试,研究了纳米Al2O3添加剂、Al2O3复合量质量分数、热处理等工艺条件对Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层结构与性能的影响.结果表明,Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层的硬度和耐磨性高于Ni-P合金镀层,而且随着Al2O3复合量的增大镀层硬度和耐磨性增加.当纳米Al2O3复合量质量分数为10.1%时,Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层的硬度较Ni-P合金镀层增大28%,磨损失重减少20%以上.400℃热处理后,复合镀层结构由非晶态转变为晶态,镀层硬度由570 HV增大到1 185 HV,耐磨性也进一步提高.     

n-Al2O3/Ni复合镀层的组织与滑动磨损性能研究

用电刷镀技术制得了镍基n-Al2O3复合镀层，并对镀层的滑动磨损性能进行了试验研究。纳米复合镀层的表面形貌比较细腻，镀层中纳米粒子分布均匀，与基质金属结合紧密。镀层显微硬度达到HV700，比快速镍镀层提高约40％。滑动磨损试验结果表明，随着纳米粒子含量的增大，镀层的耐磨性提高，摩擦系数也呈增大趋势；但当镀层中n-Al2O3粒子的超过2.56%(质量分数）时，镀层的耐磨性显著下降。纳米复合镀层的磨损机制以疲劳磨损为主，而快速镍底层以粘着磨损为主。     

Cu/纳米ZrO_2复合电刷镀层的耐磨与耐蚀性

为了提高纯铜件表面的耐磨、耐蚀性能,又保证其导热性,以紫铜板为基材,采用电刷镀方法制备了Cu/纳米ZrO2复合镀层,对镀层的表面形貌、耐磨性及耐蚀性进行了分析,并与未添加纳米ZrO2制备的普通快速铜镀层进行比较。结果表明:纳米ZrO2颗粒的加入显著改变了快速铜镀层形貌,在镀液中纳米ZrO2颗粒含量为30g/L时,复合镀层表面平整度和致密性最佳;硬质纳米ZrO2颗粒的嵌入改变了铜基镀层的黏着磨损,表现为显微切削磨粒磨损;在3.5%NaCl溶液中,纳米ZrO2颗粒的加入,使复合镀层的腐蚀电位显著正移,经10%醋酸溶液浸泡复合镀层的腐蚀速率比普通快速铜镀层小1个数量级,耐蚀性得到了提升。     

镍基纳米Al2O3复合刷镀层的摩擦磨损性能研究

为评价复合刷镀层在油润滑条件下的抗沙粒磨损性能,在45钢基体上制备了镍基纳米Al2O3复合刷镀层(n-Al2O3/Ni).采用MM-200环块式摩擦磨损试验机对比评价了线接触条件下润滑油中沙粒含量对n-Al2O3/Ni复合刷镀层和快速镍刷镀层摩擦学性能的影响.实验结果表明,随着润滑油中沙粒含量的增加,两种刷镀层的磨损体积均逐渐增加,复合刷镀层的耐磨损性能是快速镍刷镀层的1.3～1.5倍.对复合刷镀层磨痕表面的SEM分析表明其磨损失效机理主要是磨粒磨损.     

脉冲电沉积Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层的性能

Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层具有良好的耐磨、耐腐蚀性能,但有关脉冲电沉积Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层的报道较少.采用脉冲电沉积方法制备了Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层,研究了复合镀层的表面形貌、结构及其在5%NaCl溶液中的耐腐蚀性能,并对300,400,500℃热处理后的复合镀层的显微硬度进行了测试.结果表明:Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层的耐蚀性优于1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢,但比Ni-P合金镀层差;随镀液中纳米Al2O3浓度增大,复合镀层的显微硬度提高,镀液中纳米Al2O3浓度为25.0 g/L时制得的复合镀层的硬度为685.5 HV;Ni-P/纳米Al2O3复合镀层经400℃热处理后硬度最高.     

Ni/纳米Y2O3复合刷镀层的组织结构与摩擦磨损特性

添加纳米颗粒的复合镀层较常规单相镀层具有更优异的性能。采用电刷镀技术在2Cr13不锈钢表面制备了Ni/纳米Y2O3复合镀层,研究了纳米Y2O3含量对复合镀层的形貌、成分、硬度和摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明:与纯镍镀层相比,复合镀层表面更为平整致密;随着镀液中纳米Y2O3含量的提高,复合镀层的硬度呈现先升高后降低的趋势;当纳米Y2O3颗粒含量为15 g/L时,复合镀层的晶粒最为细小,硬度达到极大值,摩擦系数(0.20)明显低于快速镍镀层(0.38),磨损面的黏着和撕裂现象大大减轻,表现出良好的摩擦磨损性能。     

Ni-α-Al2O3纳米复合电镀工艺的优选及镀层的硬度和耐蚀性

为了提高Ni-Al2O3纳米复合电镀层的硬度和耐蚀性,以正交试验对镀液温度、电流密度、α-Al2O3纳米粒子质量浓度等因素进行了优选,采用扫描电镜、能谱仪、硬度仪及电化学工作站分别研究了镀层的微观形貌、能谱、硬度和耐蚀性。获得了最优工艺条件:镀液温度65℃,阴极电流密度2 A/dm2,Al2O3加入量为10g/L;在此工艺条件下所得Ni-α-Al2O3纳米复合镀层晶粒细小、表面平整、光滑,显微组织致密、均匀,镀层的硬度及耐蚀性比纯镍镀层均有显著提高。     

灰铁基Cr-n-Al_2O_3复合电刷镀层的性能

采用电刷镀在灰口铸铁表面制备了n-Al2O3掺杂的Cr基复合镀层。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、扫描电子显微镜附带能谱仪(EDS)等技术对镀层的晶粒尺寸、截面与表面形貌及n-Al2O3在镀层中的分布进行了表征。此外,利用显微硬度计、磨损试验机、电化学工作站等仪器对镀层的硬度、耐磨性、抗腐蚀性等进行了测试。结果表明:Cr-n-Al2O3复合镀层组织致密无明显缺陷,n-Al2O3均匀地弥散分布于镀层表面;在纳米粒子的弥散强化及细晶强化作用下,复合镀层的硬度相对于纯Cr镀层提高了42.8%,耐磨性也有所提高;此外,n-Al2O3的加入也改善了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。     

电泳-电沉积Ni-Al2O3纳米复合层的微观结构及性能

为了改善纳米复合镀层的物理、力学性能,以电泳-电沉积工艺制备了具有较高纳米Al2O3含量的Ni-Al2O3纳米复合镀层.用SEM、TEM、显微硬度计等对复合镀层的表面微观形貌、显微硬度以及耐磨性能进行了分析;探讨了电泳液中α-Al2O3微粒浓度、电沉积电流密度对复合镀层表面微观形貌、显微硬度及其与基体的结合力的影响.结果表明:α-Al2O3纳米粒子弥散分布于镀层之中,并对基质金属晶粒产生细化作用;电泳液中α-Al2O3微粒浓度对复合镀层表面微观形貌影响较大,电沉积电流密度对微观形貌无明显影响;随着电泳液微粒浓度和电沉积电流密度的增大,复合镀层显微硬度均呈下降趋势,在电泳液微粒浓度8 g/L,电沉积电流密度0.5A/dm2时,复合镀层具有最大显微硬度442 HV,较纯镍镀层有明显提高.镀层中微粒体积分数约为30％时,镀层的耐磨性能及与基体的结合性能最为优异.     

n-Al2O3P/Ni复合刷镀层的组织和摩擦磨损特性

研究了镍基纳米Al2O3复合电刷镀层（n-Al2O3^p/Ni）的组织特征及擦磨损特性，并与快镍刷镀（Ni)进行了比较。结果表明：n-Al2O3^p/Ni复合刷镀层表面粗糙度更小，组织更致密，镀层摩擦系数随镀液中纳米粒子含量增加稍有增大；n-Al2O3在复合刷镀层中弥散分布，与基相良好结合；复合镀的耐磨性能明显优于Ni刷镀层，镀液中n-Al2O3含量为20g/L时，复合刷镀层具有最佳耐磨性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.