镍基高温合金锥筒形件拉深旋压成形机理研究

针对镍基高温合金因加工硬化严重成形时极易产生破裂和起皱等典型缺陷的问题,以锥筒形壳体类零件为对象,提出了一种由锥形预制坯经过真空固溶处理后拉深旋压成形锥筒形件的方法,并对其成形机理进行了研究。基于Abaqus/Explicit平台,建立了锥筒形件拉深旋压有限元模型,分析了成形过程中的瞬态等效应力、等效塑性应变、切向应力、壁厚及三向应变分布规律。结果表明:在旋压成形过程中,最大瞬态等效应力位于旋轮接触区及附近区域、最大瞬态等效塑性应变位于坯料口部;瞬态切向压应力最大值位于旋轮接触区,而瞬态切向拉应力最大值位于旋轮接触区附近的两侧区域。筒形段中部壁厚减薄,而坯料口部壁厚增厚。旋压成形试验表明,锥形预制坯经拉深旋压后可获得壁厚均匀的锥筒形件。     

Finite element simulation on the deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part

The deep drawing of titanium thin-walled surface part was simulated based on a self-developed three-dimensional finite element model. After an investigation on forming rules, a virtual orthogonal experimental design was adopted to determine the significance of processing parameters, such as die radius, blank holder force, and friction coefficient, on the forming process. The distributions of thickness and equivalent plastic strain of the drawn part were evaluated. The results show that die radius has a relative major influence on the deep drawing process, followed by friction coefficient and blank holder force.     

板料冲压成形数值模拟中等效拉延筋模型的建立与实现

设置拉延筋是板料拉深成形过程中控制材料流动的有效方法。在板料成形数值模拟中,为节省计算时间,常采用等效拉延筋模型。本文在参考国内外有关资料的基础上,建立了一种等效拉延筋模型。模型中考虑了拉延筋约束力、塑性厚向应变以及垂直于压料面的约束保持力的影响,并在程序中予以实现。文中给出了一个计算实例。     

纯钛板材冷拉成形过程中的微观组织与织构演变(英文)

研究纯钛板材冷拉成形过程中微观组织及织构演化规律。半球形壳体件在深拉延过程中由于各部位变形模式及应变形式的不同会形成胀形区、拉深区及法兰区等3个区域。结果表明,在拉深件的3个区域中塑性应变均由位错滑移与变形孪晶共同作用。纯钛板材及其拉深件中的织构包含轧制织构与再结晶织构。由于变形孪晶与位错滑移对织构的影响规律不同,初始板材织构的强度及类型在深拉过程中不断变化。变形孪晶对初始织构具有弱化作用,特别是对于再结晶织构,这种弱化效应更为明显。由于拉深区产生的孪晶较多,再结晶织构消失。此外,大拉伸变形时位错滑移为主导机制,织构强化效应明显。     

TA1球面件拉深成形的各向异性效应

基于Hill 48屈服准则,在ABAQUS/Explicit平台上建立了考虑TA1板材各向异性的球面件拉深成形三维有限元模型,模拟研究材料厚向异性和面内异性对其厚度和等效塑性应变分布的影响规律,并与基于各向同性屈服准则的模拟结果和试验结果进行了对比。结果表明,TA1板材的r值越大,拉深胀形区的厚度分布越均匀,最小厚度发生的位置高度越低;拉深件最大厚度变薄率越小,但拉深区加工硬化显著;与各向同性准则相比,该模型获得了与试验更吻合的结果,准确的描述了TA1球面件拉深过程中的各向异性效应。     

基于压边力控制方盒形件拉深成形的数值模拟

板料拉深成形的起皱和破裂是拉深成形工件常出现的主要成形缺陷。通过压边圈对板料施加一定的压边力是控制板料塑性流动的有效方法。利用有限元数值模拟方法,在整体压边圈方式、不同的恒定压边力及变压边力加载模式下模拟方盒形件拉深成形材料流动情况。从模拟结果看出:在变压边力加载下,方盒形件拉深成形结果比恒定压边力下的理想。通过压边圈对板料施加变压边力是控制板料塑性流动的一种有效方法,可以抑制板料起皱和延缓破裂以及提高拉深件成形性能。     

医用镁丝多道次大塑性拉拔变形工艺及微观组织研究

本文以医疗器械行业常用材料纯镁丝为研究对象,采用一种新型大塑性多道次转角拉拔(M-PAD)变形工艺,建立了M-PAD变形模型,并模拟了拉拔过程中纯镁材的等效应力、等效应变变化图;通过设计便于进行拆卸与实验操作的M-PAD模具,对纯镁M-PAD变形工艺参数进行了试验研究。结果表明:M-PAD拉拔变形有利于晶粒的均匀细化,在第1次拉拔后,试样的晶粒得到细化,拉拔2次后晶粒大小无明显变化;M-PAD拉拔过程应选取合适的参数,本次试验得出的最优拉拔参数为4 mm/min速度下进行2次M-PAD拉拔。     

Forming operation of metastable austenitic stainless steel and inductive recrystallization of strain induced martensite

The temperature assisted recrystallization of strain induced martensite, after deep drawing metastable austenitic stainless steels, is a well known process for increasing the formability through multi-level deep drawing applications. State of the art recrystallization processes, using continuous annealing or vacuum furnaces, have the disadvantage of variable grain growth over the part cross section. This paper shows how the heat treatment by using an electro magnetical field, provided through different types of induction coils, can affect material properties positively. The studies were carried out on AISI 304 specimens with varied strain rates     

Improving the Deformation Uniformity and Minimizing the Inner Surface Roughness in Rectangular Tube Drawing Process

This paper focuses on improving the quality of aluminum rectangular tube in the cold drawing process. The newly developed drawing tools (i.e., the drawing die and the plug) which are considered as one of the most significant factors influencing the final forming quality are proposed. The new-type drawing die is designed with the “convex hull” shape in sizing zone corner and the plug is featured with a “boss club” structure in sizing zone. The equivalent plastic strain, drawn tube’s dimensional accuracy, contact stress distribution, and drawing load have been analyzed for the conditions under which the original tools and the new-type ones have been used, respectively, based on finite element simulations. The simulation results show clearly that the discrepancy of plastic strain in the axial cross section and the tube axial elongation are smaller when the new-type die is employed, which indicates the more uniform metal deformation and steady material flow. Besides that, the fluctuation of wall thickness is also unobvious showing the new-type die is very helpful to improve the tube dimensional accuracy. The newly developed plug can cause higher compressive plastic strain and contact stress, which are crucial to guaranteeing the high surface quality. An experiment on the cold drawing process of the aluminum rectangular tube has been performed. The comparisons of the drawn tube dimensions, e.g., height/width and wall thickness, have been made between simulation results and practical production. Meanwhile, the surface finish has also been measured. The experimental result exhibits that the drawn tube can better fulfill the requirements of the design and usage when the new-type tool is adopted.     

基于有限元模拟的20/316L复合管拉拔成形分析

为研究20/316L复合管拉拔成形过程,给出拉拔成形时轴向应力和径向应力对成形区内金属流动的影响,运用非线性有限元分析软件ABAQUS/Explicit,对20/316L复合管拉拔过程进行仿真,得到了拉拔完成后稳定拉拔阶段的轴向应力、径向应力及等效塑性应变的分布,分析了拉拔全过程内外管之间残余接触压力的变化,以及稳定拉拔阶段拉拔力的分布规律。实验表明,经参数优化后的硬质合金拉拔模具的工作寿命是未优化前模具的6倍,并且得到了具有优良综合性能的内衬不锈钢复合管,该研究可节约分析时间,降低成本,又可为提高复合管质量、延长模具寿命提供参考。     

A study of texture patterns in friction stir welds

Texture patterns on transverse, longitudinal and horizontal cross-sections in friction stir welds (FSW) have been studied experimentally, and their variations with welding parameters have been analyzed. Numerical simulations of the FSW process have been carried out to understand the texture patterns. Results of this study suggest that the texture patterns are complex but a dominant theme is the appearance of bands, which occur in the advancing-side material. The banded pattern on the transverse cross-section is often in the form of onion rings. The spacing between the bands on the longitudinal and horizontal cross-sections equals the distance traveled by the welding tool in one revolution. The texture patterns are found to correlate well with equivalent plastic strain contours from simulations of the corresponding FSW process, suggesting that the texture patterns may be formed because periodically spaced material regions experience very different levels of plastic deformation during the FSW process.     

Effects on the deep drawing diagram in micro forming

The limits of the processing window for deep drawing, collected in a deep drawing diagram, are affected by material behavior, process parameters and size effects. A size effect, more specific a density effect, explains the changes in forming behavior of foils with respect to the forming limit, denoted by the limiting drawing ratio. It is shown that it occurs in so called Tiffany structures. The changes in the tribology in deep drawing have an influence on the clamping limit of the processing window. The changes are induced by changes of the drawing speed. They can be explained by the lubricant pocket model only if one takes the temperature dependence of the viscosity of the lubricant into account.     

焊接参数对搅拌摩擦焊搅拌区材料融合的影响

用率相关本构模型模拟了搅拌摩擦焊接过程,研究了焊接参数的变化对搅拌摩擦焊接构件横截面上材料变形的影响.通过对不同过程参数下等效塑性应变的研究,分析了搅拌区及热力影响区内焊缝中心线两侧材料的融合情况,根据变形分布,从理论上判断焊接参数的变化对焊接质量产生的影响.结果表明,在靠近焊接构件下部材料的融合随着搅拌头转速的增加和焊速的减小趋于良好,但是搅拌头转速过高有可能导致焊接缺陷的产生.     

Simulation of earing during deep drawing of magnesium alloy AZ31

Magnesium alloys develop pronounced crystallographic texture and plastic anisotropy during rolling, which leads to earing during deep drawing of the rolled sheets. This phenomenon is modelled for the magnesium alloy AZ31 using the finite-element method in conjunction with a viscoplastic self-consistent texture model. To determine the model parameters the model is adjusted to measured stress–strain curves in tension and compression. The predicted earing pattern is found to depend not only on the initial texture at the beginning of the drawing process, but to a large extent also on the evolution of texture during drawing.     

基于势函数的拉深件板坯通用设计方法

板坯设计作为拉深成形的首道工序,对拉深成形的成败起着基础性的作用。板坯的形状与尺寸将直接影响到拉深过程中材料的流动以及制件的最终品质。基于一定的工程假设,建立了物理上合理,数学上适定的,以势函数表达的凸缘塑性流动的平面势流边值模型,提出了与拉深件几何构形复杂度无关的通用板坯设计方法———逆向逐层展开算法。     

30CrMnSiA杯形件电流辅助拉深旋压成形工艺优化

针对30CrMnSiA杯形件的电流辅助拉深旋压成形工艺,提出以旋压件的内径偏差和倒锥角作为成形质量指标;基于响应面法进行了30CrMnSiA杯形件电流辅助拉深旋压成形实验研究,分析了电流参数及旋压工艺参数对旋压件倒锥角的影响规律。结果表明:电流大小、预热时间与进给比对旋压件倒锥角具有显著的影响,旋轮与芯模相对间隙对倒锥角影响较小。电流大小与进给比对倒锥角的影响具有交互作用;预热时间与进给比对倒锥角的影响具有显著的交互作用。30CrMnSiA杯形件电流辅助拉深旋压最优工艺参数组合为:电流I=1200 A,预热时间th0=52 s,进给比f=0. 36 mm·r^-1,旋轮与芯模相对间隙δ=-38%。     

Textured surfaces for deep drawing tools by rolling

In this paper, macroscopic textured tool surfaces manufactured by rolling are investigated. Focus is on selective adjustment of friction by local texturing of tool areas to influence the material flow during deep drawing operations. Flat strip drawing tests were performed using friction elements with open textures. The texturing influences the friction conditions and affects the material properties of the stripes. The use of these surfaces results in a significant increase in friction, which allows an additional control of the material flow during sheet drawing operations. The main mechanisms for increased drawing forces are elastic deformation near the area of the texture and local plastic deformation on the sheet surface. Using strips made of mild steel, the texturing leads to an increased roughness of the sheet metal surface and, in the case of high surface pressure, to plastic deformations of the strips. Compared to conventional measures like draw beads, rolled-textured surfaces allow to retard the material flow during sheet drawing operation without excessive strain hardening in the sheet material.     

不同层间距对板料渐进成形影响的数值模拟与试验研究

采用有限元法对板料成形过程进行数值模拟,分析了圆锥台件渐进成形过程中不同层间距对等效应变、应力和厚度变化趋势的影响。试验表明,层间距越小,最终等效应变量越大,成形极限越高,较小的层间距有利于减少局部应力集中,数值模拟结果与试验结果基本吻合。     

Critical Deposition Condition of CoNiCrAlY Cold Spray Based on Particle Deformation Behavior

Previous research has demonstrated deposition of MCrAlY coating via the cold spray process; however, the deposition mechanism of cold spraying has not been clearly explained—only empirically described by impact velocity. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the critical deposit condition. Microscale experimental measurements of individual particle deposit dimensions were incorporated with numerical simulation to investigate particle deformation behavior. Dimensional parameters were determined from scanning electron microscopy analysis of focused ion beam-fabricated cross sections of deposited particles to describe the deposition threshold. From Johnson-Cook finite element method simulation results, there is a direct correlation between the dimensional parameters and the impact velocity. Therefore, the critical velocity can describe the deposition threshold. Moreover, the maximum equivalent plastic strain is also strongly dependent on the impact velocity. Thus, the threshold condition required for particle deposition can instead be represented by the equivalent plastic strain of the particle and substrate. For particle-substrate combinations of similar materials, the substrate is more difficult to deform. Thus, this study establishes that the dominant factor of particle deposition in the cold spray process is the maximum equivalent plastic strain of the substrate, which occurs during impact and deformation.     

非线性路径下板料拉深成形过程中破裂预测

在优选模型参数和简化孔洞形核规律的基础上,采用Gurson—Tvergaard（GT）多孔材料本构模型分析圆筒件拉深过程;根据金属成形工艺特点,综合考虑拉伸型和剪切型2种不同韧性断裂机制,提出一个统一的韧性断裂准则形式。对于未经过预变形和经过预变形的圆筒件拉深试验和数值模拟进行了比较,结果表明：相对于成形极限图,新的韧性断裂准则可以更加准确地预测非线性路径下圆筒件的拉深破裂。