酚醛树脂/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备及其泡沫的研究

采用原位聚合的方法将酸化的蒙脱土(H-MMT)与酚醛树脂(PF)进行复合,制成剥离型酚醛树脂/蒙脱土(PF/MMT)纳米复合材料和其泡沫体.用XRD和TEM对复合材料的结构进行研究,并对复合材料泡沫体的性能进行了测试.结果表明:H-MMT与酚醛树脂复合后能形成剥离型PF/MMT纳米复合材料,制成的泡沫中的MMT片层发生...     

PMAA/MMT及PMAA/MMT/SiO_2纳米复合材料的结构与性能研究

采用原位插层聚合法制备了聚甲基丙烯酸/蒙脱土(PMAA/MMT)纳米复合材料和聚甲基丙烯酸/蒙脱土/二氧化硅(PMAA/MMT/SiO2)纳米复合材料,并比较两种纳米复合材料的结构与性能。研究结果表明,PMAA/MMT纳米复合材料属于插层与剥离共存型纳米复合材料。PMAA/MMT/SiO2纳米复合材料中蒙脱土的特征衍射峰已经消失,蒙脱土与二氧化硅均匀分散在聚合物基体中。PMAA/MMT及PMAA/MMT/SiO2纳米复合材料均有一定的鞣制性能,但相对而言PMAA/MMT/SiO2纳米复合材料的鞣制效果较好。     

St-PMI-AN/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备与性能

采用乳液插层聚合的方法制备了苯乙烯（St）-N-苯基马来酰亚胺（PMI）-丙烯腈（AN）/蒙脱土纳米复合材料,并对复合材料的结构、热性能及力学性能进行了表征.结果表明,与蒙脱土插层复合后,复合材料的综合性能有很大提高.采用未经有机化处理的蒙脱土（MMT）制备St-PMI-AN/MMT纳米复合材料,制备工艺比采用有机化蒙脱土（OMMT）简单,而且得到的复合材料的综合性能与St-PMI-AN/OMMT相当,甚至其冲击强度略高.     

PMAA／MMT纳米复合材料的制备

采用原位插层聚合法制备聚甲基丙烯酸/蒙脱土(PMAA/MMT)纳米复合材料,探讨了引发剂用量对复合材料结构的影响。通过X射线衍射、红外光谱、固体核磁共振表征了改性蒙脱土及复合材料的结构。研究结果表明,甲基丙烯酸钠与蒙脱土具有一定的相互作用,甲基丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸钠在蒙脱土层间聚合形成的PMAA/MMT纳米复合材料属于插层型纳米复合材料,引发剂用量对蒙脱土的层间距影响较小。     

醋酸纤维素/蒙脱土生物纳米复合材料的结构与力学性能

采用熔融插层法在聚乙二醇的增塑作用下制备了醋酸纤维素/蒙脱土(CA/MMT)生物纳米复合材料。利用X射线衍射和透射电镜表征了CA/MMT纳米复合材料的插层结构。X射线衍射结果表明,复合后蒙脱土的层间距增大;透射电镜照片显示,蒙脱土在CA基体中达到纳米级分散,且分散均匀。CA/MMT纳米复合材料的力学性能得到较大提高,加入5 phr有机蒙脱土时,复合材料的拉伸强度从纯增塑CA的38.8 MPa增到48.2 MPa。动态力学测试表明复合材料的储能模量增大,玻璃化转变温度提高。     

阻燃聚酯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的制备及燃烧性能

采用直接酯化法,将共聚型阻燃剂羧乙基苯基次磷酸(CEPP)和对苯二甲酸以及乙二醇混合后酯化,在酯化产物中加入经过有机改性的蒙脱土,缩聚制备了阻燃聚酯/蒙脱土纳米复合材料(PET/MMT/CEPP)。用FT-IR、CONE对制得的复合材料进行了分析和研究,结果表明阻燃剂和聚酯发生了聚合反应,但加入的阻燃剂和蒙脱土在一定程度上降低了聚酯的特性黏度;PET/MMT/CEPP中的蒙脱土和阻燃剂起到了良好的协同阻燃效果,复合材料的阻燃性能有明显提高。     

LLDPE/HDPE/MMT纳米复合材料的制备及性能研究

以线性低密度聚乙烯(LLDPE)、高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)、有机改性的蒙脱土(MMT)为主要原料,选用乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯接枝马来酸酐(EVA-g-MAH)作为增容剂,采用熔融插层法制备了线性低密度聚乙烯/高密度聚乙烯/蒙脱土(LLDPE/HDPE/MMT)纳米复合材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)分析蒙脱土在聚乙烯基体中的分散情况,并研究蒙脱土的含量对其在基体中分散效果的影响。TG实验结果表明,蒙脱土的加入使LLDPE/HDPE/MMT纳米复合材料的热稳定性得到很大的提高。由DSC曲线可以得出,加入蒙脱土的复合材料相比于纯聚合物,其熔点和热分解温度都有很大的提高,提高程度与蒙脱土的含量有关。     

聚丙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合包装材料的制备与力学性能研究

采用熔融插层法在双螺杆挤出机中制备了聚丙烯(PP)/蒙脱土(MMT)纳米复合材料,纳米复合材料机械性能测试结果表明,当有机蒙脱土(MMT)质量比为2%时,复合材料的综合力学性能明显优于聚丙烯(PP).扫描电镜观测不到纳米复合材料中明显的有机-无机相畴,表明蒙脱土(MMT)片层分散均匀,分散尺度已基本达到纳米级.     

PA6/MMT纳米复合材料的制备与表征

采用原位聚合法制备PA6/MMT纳米复合材料。利用超薄切片法制备原子力显微镜观测样品,实现了对复合材料中纳米蒙脱土分散情况的原位观测。对复合材料进行了扫描电镜、差示扫描量热、热重、X射线衍射、单轴拉伸、缺口冲击等实验,结果表明,超薄切片法制备的PA6/MMT纳米复合材料原子力实验样品较好地实现了对纳米蒙脱土分散情况的原位观测。插层过程扩大了蒙脱土片层的间距,蒙脱土在基体中分散均匀。蒙脱土在基体中起到了异相形核作用,复合材料的结晶速率升高,热分解温度有所下降。拉伸强度与弹性模量随蒙脱土含量的增加而增加。相比于纯尼PA6,复合材料的冲击强度有不同程度的增加。     

聚乳酸/蒙脱土纳米复合材料的力学性能和流变性能

制备了聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚乳酸-聚乙二醇嵌段共聚物(PLA-PEG)插层的钠基蒙脱土、有机蒙脱土(OMMT)两类复合助剂。X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明,经过处理的蒙脱土层间距增大;通过熔融共混法将复合助剂与聚乳酸(PLA)共混制备PLA/MMT复合材料,研究了PLA/MMT复合材料的力学性能,动态流变性能。结果表明,复合助剂的加入可以提高聚乳酸的断裂伸长率、拉伸强度以及聚乳酸的复数黏度、储能模量和耗能模量。     

微波辅助酸化蒙脱土催化合成乳酸正丁酯的研究

采用微波辐照法对钠基蒙脱土进行了酸化改性,制备出了酸化蒙脱土(H-MMT)固体酸催化剂,并利用X射线衍射、低温物理吸附等技术对催化剂性质进行了表征,结果表明,经微波辐照酸改性的催化剂层状结构没有被破坏,层间距略有下降,结晶度降低;比表面积和孔径都增大,形成了较好的介孔结构;表面酸量增加.这些特性使得催化剂表现出良好的催化活性.而后,以H-MMT为催化剂,系统研究了乳酸正丁酯的微波辅助合成方法,考查了催化剂用量、微波功率以及微波辐照时间对酯化率的影响.结果表明,微波功率200W、辐照15min、催化剂用量6.0%(占乳酸和正丁醇总质量)为最优的酯化条件,在此条件下,酯化率可达72.4%.最后,探讨了微波辅助H-MMT催化合成乳酸正丁酯的机制,发现H-MMT与微波具有协同作用.微波辅助H-MMT催化合成乳酸正丁酯是一种高效、节能、环境友好的方法,具有市场推广前景.     

Novel toughened polylactic acid nanocomposite: Mechanical,thermal and morphological properties

The objective of the study is to develop a novel toughened polylactic acid (PLA) nanocomposite. The effects of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and organophilic modified montmorillonite (MMT) on mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PLA were investigated. LLDPE toughened PLA nanocomposites consisting of PLA/LLDPE blends, of composition 100/0 and 90/10 with MMT content of 2 phr and 4 phr were prepared. The Young’s and flexural modulus improved with increasing content of MMT indicating that MMT is effective in increasing stiffness of LLDPE toughened PLA nanocomposite even at low content. LLDPE improved the impact strength of PLA nanocomposites with a sacrifice of tensile and flexural strength. The tensile and flexural strength also decreased with increasing content of MMT in PLA/LLDPE nanocomposites. The impact strength and elongation at break of LLDPE toughened PLA nanocomposites also declined steadily with increasing loadings of MMT. The crystallization temperature and glass transition temperature dropped gradually while the thermal stability of PLA improved with addition of MMT in PLA/LLDPE nanocomposites. The storage modulus of PLA/LLDPE nanocomposites below glass transition temperature increased with increasing content of MMT. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope studies revealed that an intercalated LLDPE toughened PLA nanocomposite was successfully prepared at 2 phr MMT content.     

Flammability and tensile properties of polylactide nanocomposites with short carbon fibers

Nanocomposites of polylactide (PLA) with aluminum hydroxide (ATH), short carbon fibers (CF), and montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared via direct melt blending. The exfoliated and intercalated clay structures with some aggregations in the PLA matrix were observed. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the PLA composite caused by the high content of the retardant ATH were improved by adding modified MMT and CF to replace a portion of ATH in the PLA matrix. The thermal degradation temperatures and char residue of the PLA/ATH/MMT/CF nanocomposites as determined by thermogravimetric analysis were higher than without MMT. Furthermore, a novel method was proposed to analyze the flammability of composite using an infrared camera, which could capture the apparent thermal image of the sample during UL 94 V test. It was found that, with addition of the MMT and short CF, a more effective insulation layer could be formed on the ablating surface of the PLA/ATH composite, and the high thermal conductivity of the CF might increase the release rate of heat from the surface composite during burn, thus the PLA/ATH/MMT nanocomposite containing short carbon fibers having a V-0 rating without flaming dripping could be obtained.     

聚氨酯改性聚乳酸/蒙脱土复合材料的制备与表征

采用溶液共混法,用聚氨酯(PU)和蒙脱土(MMT)对聚乳酸(PLA)进行改性.通过综合热分析(TGA＆DSC)、红外吸收光谱(IR)以及力学测试(FP)对改性聚乳酸(PLA)的性能进行了表征.结果显示,聚氨酯和蒙脱土与聚乳酸均有较好的相容性,复合材料的稳定性较好,而且聚氨酯/蒙脱土/聚乳酸复合材料较纯聚乳酸的力学性能有了较明显的提高,强度和韧性均较好.     

PLA/PBSA 纳米活性包装薄膜的性能研究

目的研究可降解材料聚乳酸(PLA)/聚丁二酸丁二醇酯-聚己二酸丁二醇酯共聚物(PBSA)薄膜在添加有机纳米蒙脱土(MMT)和精油后的抗氧化性和保鲜性能。方法采用挤出共混改性和挤出流延法加工制备出PLA/PBSA/MMT/精油纳米复合薄膜,对其力学性能、透湿性、透气性、抗氧化性等进行探讨,并研究对樱桃的保鲜作用。结果添加了DK4型号MMT的PLA/PBSA薄膜的抗拉强度得到提高,薄膜的水蒸气透过率、透气率得到降低,但是对樱桃保鲜的各项指标与对照组无明显差异。在此基础上添加丁香精油后,力学性能得到提升,抗氧化作用明显,并且对改善樱桃的保鲜效果显著增加。结论添加了DK4型MMT和丁香精油的PLA/PBSA薄膜有着较好的改性效果,并且有良好的保鲜效果。     

Synergistic effect of montmorillonite–clay and gamma irradiation on the characterizations of waste polyamide copolymer and reclaimed rubber powder nanocomposites

A study on the mechanical properties and thermal evolution of waste polyamide copolymer/waste rubber powder and montmorillonite–clay (WPA/RRP/MMT) nanocomposites exposed to gamma-rays (0–200 kGy) has been carried out. TGA and DSC were used to investigate the influence of the exposure dose and the incorporation of montmorillonite–clay on the thermal parameters of the prepared composites. It was observed that both parameters were highly affected by the incorporated clay and dose. The structural and morphological studies were done by means of EDX and SEM to investigate the structural change imputed by the clay incorporation and irradiation. The chemical absorption behavior of MMT nanocomposites in HCl and NaOH media was investigated. The results show that irradiation markedly magnified the thermal stability and the tensile strength of the nanocomposite.     

Properties of poly(lactic acid)/montmorillonite/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites: determination of percolation threshold

Incorporation of rigid nanoparticles is the most effective means of improving polymer properties. Montmorillonite (MMT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are legendary in this field for their individual exceptional properties. A synergistic phenomenon is induced between these two particles when they are simultaneously incorporated into polymers. At a definite nanofillers concentration, called the percolation threshold, there is a sudden change in nanocomposite properties due to the formation of a 3D-structured network of the nanoparticles within the matrix. In this work, the properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanocomposites filled with different fractions of MMT/MWCNTs hybrid (0.5–2.0 wt%) were analyzed. In particular, the percolation threshold of the MMT/MWCNTs hybrid was uniquely identified by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The structural studies by X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were also associated with the percolation threshold of MMT/MWCNTs in PLA. At 1.0 wt% MMT/MWCNTs concentration, the complete exfoliation of the particles was maintained, and the thermal characteristics such as glass transition, crystallization and melting temperatures reached their plateau at this hybrid concentration. Moreover, the thermal degradation and viscoelastic parameters showed their peak values at this critical point, which is correlated with the formation of the percolation threshold within the matrix. The morphological studies confirmed the homogeneous dispersion of MMT/MWCNTs in PLA up to a concentration of 1.0 wt%. At 2.0 wt% MMT/MWCNTs, few aggregations occurred in the PLA-based composite, confirming that the percolation threshold was formed at a lower concentration of MMT/MWCNTs nanoparticles.

     

Structure and properties of hybrid PLA nanocomposites with inorganic nanofillers and cellulose fibers

Polylactide reinforced with 3 wt% of organo-modified montmorillonite, 5 wt% of stearic acid-modified calcium carbonate nanoparticles, 15 wt% of cellulose fibers (PLA/MMT, PLA/NCC, PLA/CF) and hybrid composites containing 15 wt% of fibers in addition to montmorillonite (PLA/MMT/CF) or calcium carbonate (PLA/NCC/CF) were prepared and examined. The nanoparticles were dispersed in polylactide almost homogeneously; montmorillonite was exfoliated during processing. T_g of polylactide remained unaffected but its cold crystallization was enhanced; the cold-crystallization behavior of the hybrid composites was dominated by nanofillers nucleating ability. The fibers and calcium carbonate decreased whereas exfoliated montmorillonite improved the thermal stability of the materials. Polylactide, PLA/NCC and PLA/MMT exhibited ability to plastic deformation, although the latter the weakest. Tensile behavior of the hybrid composites was strongly influenced by the fibers and similar to that of PLA/CF. All the fillers increased the storage modulus below T_g; that of PLA/MMT/CF and PLA/NCC/CF was improved with respect to polylactide by 50% and 45%, respectively.     

Controlled synthesis of train-structured montmorillonite/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites by regulating the hydrolysis of polylactic acid

Two-dimensional nanosheets obtained by exfoliation can assemble into new functional nanomaterial. One of the critical challenges is developing an efficient method to make the layered composite complete exfoliation, and another is regulating and controlling nanosheets assembly to obtain the nanocomposite with specific structure. In this article, the platelets of layered double hydroxides (LDH) and montmorillonite (MMT) are exfoliated completely and efficiently in polylactic acid (PLA) by melting blend for 10 min, and the monolayers of MMT or LDH can store stably in PLA for a long time. A new well-organized layered nanocomposite containing the nanosheets of LDH and MMT was gained by being exfoliated and assembling. The structure of MMT/LDH nanocomposite not only holds a periodically alternating structure, but also possesses a train structure, and the formation mechanism of train structure is proposed at the first time; furthermore, the structure of MMT/LDH could be regulated and controlled. Fortunately, even being exfoliated and assembled, MMT nanosheet or LDH nanosheet was not destroyed. The MMT/LDH nanocomposite with expectant structure can be obtained by this efficient and environmentally friendly method, and this method may easily be extended to other layered materials.