混合材对碱—碳酸盐反应的影响

利用快速测长法研究了混合材对碱—碳酸盐反应的影响。通过试验证明混合材能减缓碱—碳酸盐反应的速度,但不能有效地抑制碱—碳酸盐反应,并初步探讨了混合材不能有效地抑制碱—碳酸盐反应的机理。     

碱-白云石反应机理与预防

根据颗粒堆积原理计算了碱白云石反应引起的固相框架体积的变化,并用图象分析技术研究了反应产物间的孔隙体积。研究了碱白云石反应机理,从热力学和通过实验分析了溶液ｐＨ值对碱白云石反应程度与速率的影响。通过监测白云岩粉末样压实体和基本不含粘土及石英的白云质灰岩在碱溶液中的膨胀行为,研究了碱白云石反应本身的膨胀性。评估了低碱度的硫铝酸盐水泥对碱白云石反应的抑制作用。结果表明：球形产物如呈最紧密堆积,则固体产物的孔隙率为２５．９５％,碱白云石反应后固相框架体积将增加２９．２３％。实际上,固体产物的孔隙率为１５％,反应后固相框架体积将增加１２．５％,这为反应产生膨胀提供了前提条件。白云石与碱作用生成水镁石、方解石和碳酸碱,该过程能直接引起膨胀。反应和膨胀的速率取决于溶液的ｐＨ值,ｐＨ值越高,反应和膨胀越快,当ｐＨ值低于某一值后,碱白云石反应将不发生,相应地,岩石不产生膨胀。碱白云石反应膨胀的驱动力为去白云化反应生成的方解石和水镁石晶体在受限空间生长产生的结晶压力。硫铝酸盐水泥能有效地抑制碱白云石反应膨胀,从而能防止混凝土的开裂破坏。     

碱碳酸盐反应的膨胀机理

将具有碱碳酸盐反应活性的骨料置于已知浓度的碱溶液中,通过分析溶液中碱离子浓度的变化,分析和探讨碱碳酸盐反应的膨胀机理。实验证实：去白云石化反应的产物层中除了方解石和水镁石外,还有K^ ,Na^ 和CO3^2-,即去白云石化反应的反应产物K^ ,Na^ 和CO3^2-并不回到孔溶液中,而是保留在产物层中占据一定的空间。因此,去白云石化反应产物所占据的空间大于参加反应的白云石所占据的空间,从而引起膨胀。     

LiOH抑制碱-硅酸反应膨胀及其应用研究

研究了沸石化珍珠岩混凝土在KOH,LiOH溶液中压蒸膨胀行为,通过扫描电镜和能量散射谱对产物的形貌和组成进行了分析,说明LiOH抑制碱-硅酸反应膨胀的机理主要是在集料周围形成了含锂盐的非膨胀性产物,含锂产物层的形成对活性集料起保护作用而阻止了碱的进一步侵蚀。研究了由碱-硅酸活性集料和碱-碳酸盐活性集料制成的混凝土在各种碱中的膨胀行为。结果表明：混凝土在相同摩尔浓度的碱中压蒸,在NaOH溶液中膨胀最大,在LiOH溶液中膨胀最小。在应用LiOH抑制碱-硅酸反应膨胀促进碱-碳酸盐反应膨胀的双重作用下,在Spratt细粒硅质灰岩中,少量的白云石在碱环境中可发生去白云石化作用而对膨胀有贡献,也即尽管Spratt灰岩中碱-硅酸反应是主要的,但也存在碱-碳酸盐反应。     

粉煤灰抵制碱骨料反应研究

研究优质Ⅰ级粉煤灰对碱骨料反应的抑制效果,结果表明,用粉煤灰抑制碱骨料反应,其掺量因素的影响大于品质因素的影响;探讨了粉煤灰中的碱在不同浓度碱溶液中的溶出情况及用高碱含量粉煤灰抑制碱骨料反应时,低掺量促进膨胀,高掺量抑制膨胀的机理.     

关于碱-集料反应的几个理论问题

本文详细评述了碱-集料反应的分类、膨胀机理、Ca(OH)_2的作用和混合材的抑制机理。认为所谓的碱-硅酸盐反应实质上很可能是传统的碱-硅酸反应。碱-硅酸反应主要是吸水引起膨胀。碱-碳酸盐反应是由原地化学反应和结晶压引起膨胀。目前比较一致的意见认为Ca(OH)_2对促进碱-集料反应起着重要作用。最后本文从水泥的碱度和界面化学反应的角度分析了混合材的抑制机理。     

高碱熟料生产无碱害水泥的研究

用高碱熟料和粉煤灰配制水泥，进行了抑制碱-集料反应试验，测定了水泥的可溶性碱量，检测了水泥性能。结果显示，粉煤灰作为水泥的混合材，在不影响水泥性能的情况下，利用高碱熟料生产具有抑制碱-集料反应性能的水泥是可行的。     

几种超细矿粉抑制混凝土碱骨料反应的试验研究

利用ASTM C441方法检验了矿物质超细粉对混凝土碱硅酸反应ASR的抑制作用，并利用小混凝土柱法检测了其抑制碱碳酸盐反应ACR的效果。试验表明，矿渣、粉煤灰、沸石等混合材掺入混凝土中均可以抑制ASR的发生，且偏高岭土和沸石粉的效果优于粉煤灰，粉煤灰又优于矿渣。矿物质混合材对ACR膨胀也有抑制作用，但效果不明显，掺30％的粉煤灰和30％A型偏高岭土超细粉试件的28d膨胀率为0．0953％和,0.108％，掺加其它混合材的小混凝土柱膨胀率则在0．12％-0．16％之间。     

碱活性集料在不同碱液中压蒸后产物的研究

通过X射线衍射及扫描电镜／能谱分析法对2种典型的碱硅酸活性集料(Spratt limestone,SL)和碱碳酸盐活性集料(Pittsburg limestone,PL)在KOH,NaOH及LiOH溶液中于150℃压蒸150h后的产物进行了研究,结果表明：NaOH对2种集料有最强的腐蚀作用,腐蚀作用最弱的是LiOH。2种集料在不同的碱介质中压蒸后,产物的结晶度、形貌及分布是不同的。PL在碱液中除了去白云化反应外,PL中的隐晶石英也与KOH和NaOH反应生成典型的碱一硅酸产物,与LiOH反应形成硅酸锂。SL在不同碱液中除生成大量碱一硅酸产物外,SL中的少量的白云石在碱溶液中也发生了去白云石化反应,对膨胀作出贡献。     

不同混合材掺量对低碱水泥适应性的试验研究

对不同种类及掺量的混合材对低碱水泥流动洼能进行试验研究，结果为：低碱硅酸盐水泥中掺入矿渣粉、粉煤灰、石灰石等混合材有利于改善浆体流动性能，目双掺效果较单掺好；外加剂掺入量对流动性能的改善随着掺量的增加而增加，但掺入量应适宜、经济；石灰石为非活洼混合材，本试验研究结果表明它能显著增大水泥流动性且保持较小的经时损失，但其掺量不宜过大。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。