池塘内循环水“跑道”系统与传统池塘养殖的三角鲂营养品质对比研究

目的对比评估池塘内循环水"跑道"养殖模式与传统池塘养殖模式下三角鲂营养品质差异。方法对2种模式养殖的三角鲂肌肉营养组成、质构和风味物质等进行评价。结果"跑道"养殖的三角鲂具有较低的水分及脂肪含量,其肌肉的硬度、胶黏性、咀嚼性、单不饱和脂肪酸比例显著高于对照组(P<0.05);"跑道"养殖模式没有明显改变三角鲂肌肉的氨基酸模式组成,但其肌肉氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、呈味氨基酸均大于对照组。"跑道"养殖的三角鲂具有较为丰富的酮类、醛类等特征性风味物质,但腥味成分壬醛和1-辛烯-3-醇明显低于对照组。结论"跑道"养殖模式能够一定程度改善三角鲂的肌肉理化特性、风味组成和营养品质。     

龙田扎肉风味物质分析

为探究龙田扎肉品质特性，明确扎肉关键挥发性风味物质，本试验对龙田扎肉的挥发性风味物质、氨基酸和脂肪酸的组成进行检测分析，并结合相对气味活度值法探讨关键挥发性风味物质。结果显示：成品龙田扎肉中肉部分关键挥发性化合物14种，反式-2,4-癸二烯醛是主要挥发性风味物质，使肉部分呈现油脂香和肉香。而萝卜丝部分关键挥发性风味物质19种，主要有2-十一烯醛、癸醛和1-辛烯-3-醇，为萝卜丝部分提供清香，薰衣草、玫瑰香气、水果香气。龙田扎肉中氨基酸总量为192.2 mg/g，必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的38.29%。鲜味氨基酸占总氨基酸量的47.45%；龙田扎肉中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的59.41%。结果表明龙田扎肉富含2-十一烯醛、癸醛和1-辛烯-3-醇等挥发性物质、鲜味氨基酸以及不饱和脂肪酸。     

草鱼的营养评价及关键风味成分分析

采用常规营养测试方法和顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用技术分别对草鱼鱼肉的营养成分和挥发性风味成分进行分析。结合感觉阈值,利用相对气味活度值确定草鱼肉的关键风味成分,并分析主要挥发性风味成分的气味特征及其生成途径。结果显示:草鱼的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和灰分含量分别为76.10%,17.37%,4.76%和1.07%。人体必需的氨基酸含量占39.32%,呈味氨基酸含量占37.91%。从鱼背部肉和腹部肉分别检测出46种和45种有效挥发性物质,其中相同成分37种。草鱼背、腹肉的关键风味成分种类基本相同,主要是壬醛、E-2-壬烯醛、E-2-癸烯醛、辛醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、己醛、癸醛、E-2-辛烯醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、庚醛和壬醇等,而其各自含量存在差异,最终使鱼背、腹肉呈现不同的挥发性风味特征。     

乡城和楚雄牛肝菌营养风味品质对比分析

为比较四川乡城和云南楚雄两个产地的牛肝菌菌帽、菌柄的营养成分及挥发性成分的差异,测定其水分、蛋白质、粗脂肪、多糖、氨基酸含量,以及采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱质谱联用法测定其挥发性物质。结果表明：不同产地牛肝菌在营养成分含量上存在明显差异,其中楚雄牛肝菌帽蛋白质含量最高[（33.52±0.76）%],乡城牛肝菌柄粗脂肪含量最高[（5.46±0.13）%],楚雄牛肝菌帽多糖含量最高[（19.22±0.09）%]。乡城牛肝菌柄的氨基酸总量最高,而乡城牛肝菌帽氨基酸评分高于其他3 种牛肝菌。共鉴定出45 种挥发性风味物质,包括5 种烃、22 种醛、7 种醇、8 种酮以及3 种含氮含硫及杂环。利用相对气味活度值（relative odor activity value,ROAV）对牛肝菌主体挥发性香味成分分析得出,乡城牛肝菌的关键挥发性风味物质有两种,分别为1-辛烯-3-酮和1-辛烯-3-醇,楚雄牛肝菌的关键挥发性风味物质只有1-辛烯-3-酮。楚雄和乡城牛肝菌的风味物质的组成和含量有较大差异,营养成分的含量也不同,其中乡城牛肝菌柄的营养风味品质综合更佳。     

食盐腌制对油炸罗非鱼风味的影响

为探究食盐腌制对油炸罗非鱼风味的影响,本研究以蛋白质、脂肪酸、游离氨基酸以及呈味核苷酸含量为考察指标,通过感官评定结合顶空固相微萃取-气质联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)方法分析食盐腌制对油炸罗非鱼可挥发性风味物质以及风味组分间的影响。结果表明,腌制前后的油炸罗非鱼风味变化明显,感官评价结果显示经过食盐腌制处理,油炸罗非鱼油脂味、肉香味增强,土腥味减弱;HS-SPME-GC-MS检测结果显示,食盐腌制过后油炸罗非鱼的可挥发性气味物质中1-辛烯-3-醇相对含量降至4.17%,ROAV值为5.70、(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛含量升为5.12%,ROAV值为100,肉香味和油脂味明显增强,土腥味明显降低;食盐腌制处理后油炸罗非鱼蛋白质与脂肪的含量显著降低(P<0.05),游离氨基酸与脂肪酸的消耗量增加,分别为38.94 mg/100 g和2.37 mg/g,且呈味氨基酸的占比与不饱和脂肪酸的含量发生显著降低(P<0.05),提供鲜味的肌苷酸(Inosinic acid,IMP)和鸟苷酸(Guanylic acid,GMP)含量显著(P<0.05)降低。实验证明食盐腌制对油炸罗非鱼的风味物质及组分影响显著(P<0.05),显著降低蛋白质和脂肪的含量,降解形成的挥发性物质显著提高,提高罗非鱼的油脂香、鲜味和肉香味,降低其土腥味和青草味,明显改善罗非鱼的品质。     

HS/SPME-GC/MS法比较分析野生与人工栽培羊肚菌挥发性成分

采用HS/SPME-GC/MS对野生与人工栽培羊肚菌的挥发性成分进行提取及检测分析,并采用相对气味活度值(ROAV)判定关键风味物质。在野生和人工栽培羊肚菌菌盖干品中,共检测出42种挥发性成分,野生羊肚菌中共检出24种挥发性成分,主要是5种醛类、8种醇类、4种酯类化合物,相对含量最高的是正己醛(17.99%);人工栽培羊肚菌中检出29种挥发性成分,主要是8种醇类、7种醛类化合物,相对含量最高的是甲酸己酯(7.86%)。野生和人工栽培羊肚菌的共有挥发性成分有:3-甲基丁醛、戊醇、正己醛、3-甲基丁酸、甲酸己酯、庚醛、γ-戊内酯、1-辛烯-3-醇、正庚酸、反-2-辛烯醛。采用ROAV法进行风味评价,野生羊肚菌的关键风味物质包括3-甲基丁醛、正己醛、庚醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、正庚酸、反-2-辛烯醛、壬醛共7种;人工栽培羊肚菌的关键风味物质包括3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丁醛、正己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇共4种。     

哈萨克羊肉和市售普通羊肉营养品质与风味特性的对比分析研究

为了研究哈萨克羊肉质与市售普通羊肉的区别,采用凯氏定氮、液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱连用等方法分别测定蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、矿物质、维生素、挥发性风味物质等营养品质与风味特性的指标。结果表明:哈萨克羊肉的蛋白质、必需氨基酸含量分别为20.81%、86.69 mg/g,显著高于市售样品(P0.05);哈萨克羊瘦肉中单不饱和脂肪酸中的油酸和多不饱和脂肪酸中的亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸含量显著高于市售样品(P0.05);与市售样品相比,哈萨克羊肉中Fe、Cu和VE的含量较高,两者的VA含量并无显著差异(P0.05);哈萨克羊肉中挥发性风味物质的种类明显多于市售样品,且酮类物质、酯类物质和含硫类物质含量较高,反,反-2,4-癸二烯醛、3,6-二甲基-2-辛酮、茨酮仅在哈萨克羊肉中检出。     

荷斯坦去势公牛肉质与加工特性分析与挖掘

通过测定荷斯坦去势公牛肉及其他2种市售牛肉（安格斯牛和西门塔尔牛）营养、加工和食用品质指标,并与文献数据对比分析,挖掘荷斯坦去势公牛肉质特性。结果表明：与安格斯和西门塔尔牛肉相比,在营养品质方面,荷斯坦去势公牛肉氨基酸总量及苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、色氨酸含量占比较高（P<0.05）,尤其是色氨酸质量分数达1.16%,是其他样品的5～8倍;脂肪酸组成分布均匀,且多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高;加工品质方面,荷斯坦去势公牛肉保水性和凝胶性较好;食用品质方面,荷斯坦去势公牛肉嫩度和肌间脂肪含量较高（P<0.05）,大理石花纹丰富,风味物质种类和含量均较高（P<0.05）,荷斯坦去势公牛肉含46种挥发性化合物,其中牛肉重要风味物质,包括壬醛、3-羟基-2-丁酮和1-辛烯-3-醇含量显著高于安格斯和西门塔尔牛肉（P<0.05）。     

贻贝（Mytilus edulis）酶解液酵母发酵法脱腥工艺探究及其风味变化分析

为了消除贝类酶解物的腥味和苦味,本文以贻贝酶解液为研究对象,使用安琪果酒酵母进行发酵并以感官评分和蛋白损失率为指标对酵母添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间进行研究,确定发酵参数。利用感官科学结合氨基酸自动分析技术、质谱分析技术探究了发酵前后风味轮廓的差异。结果表明,当果酒酵母添加量为0.2%,在35℃下发酵2.0 h处理后,贻贝酶解液的鱼腥味、泥土味、哈喇味显著下降,发酵味和果香显著提升（P<0.05）。甜味氨基酸含量由1.33 mg/g显著上升至1.99 mg/g(P<0.05),鲜味氨基酸含量由1.60 mg/g提高到1.93 mg/g,苦味氨基酸含量由3.64 mg/g下降至3.34 mg/g。贻贝酶解液中共检测出挥发性风味物质32种,发酵后增加到40种,主要包括醛类、醇类、酯类、酸类、酮类和呋喃类化合物,其中辛醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2-辛烯醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇为贻贝酶解液主要的异味来源。发酵后壬醛、2,4-庚二烯醛、2-辛烯醛不再作为酶解液的风味活性成分,产生鱼腥味的1-辛烯-3-醇和辛醛的OAV值也在发酵后大幅下降;此外,发酵后新增了癸醛、苯乙醛、2-壬酮、2-十一...     

直隶黑猪与杜长大三元猪肉质性状对比分析

为了解直隶黑猪（Zhili Black pigs,ZLB）的肉质特性,本试验以直隶黑猪、6月龄杜长大三元猪（Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs,DLY6）与10月龄杜长大三元猪（Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire pigs,DLY10）为研究对象,对其背最长肌的肌肉品质、质构特性、营养成分、氨基酸含量、脂肪酸含量和挥发性风味物质进行比较分析。结果表明:与两种DLY相比,ZLB的b*和大理石花纹评分极显著增加（P<0.01）,a*极显著降低（P<0.01）,剪切力最小;对于质构特性,ZLB的硬度、粘附性、胶黏性均极显著优于两种DLY（P<0.01）;ZLB肌内脂肪含量是DLY6的3.89倍、DLY10的2.07倍;必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、非必需氨基酸以及氨基酸总量无显著差异（P>0.05）,必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值、必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值均接近FAO/WHO标准;多不饱和脂肪酸尤其是亚油酸、花生四烯酸等必需脂肪酸含量均极显著高于两种DLY（P<0.01）;ZLY的关键风味物质主要包括己醛、壬醛、正辛醛、反-2-辛烯醛、反式-2-壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇,DLY6的关键风味物质主要包括己醛、壬醛、庚醛、肉豆蔻醛、正辛醛、1-辛烯-3-醇与2-正戊基呋喃,DLY10的关键风味物质包括己醛、壬醛、癸醛、正辛醛、反-2-辛烯醛、反式-2-壬醛与1-辛烯-3-醇,三者有较大差异,它们共同决定了不同猪肉的整体风味。由此说明,直隶黑猪肌肉细嫩多汁,脂肪含量高,氨基酸组成合理,多不饱和脂肪酸含量相对丰富,风味良好,具有高营养价值与开发价值。     

河南鹤壁瓜蒌子和瓜蒌皮中挥发油成分分析

采用减压蒸馏的方法提取瓜蒌子和瓜蒌皮中挥发油成分。采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对河南鹤壁瓜蒌子和瓜蒌皮中挥发油的化学成分进行分离和鉴定。从瓜蒌子共鉴定出13种化合物,主要为醛类(66.58%)、脂肪酸类化合物(12.4665%),还含有少量烃类(2.1819%)、醇类(3.922%)、酮类(2.4887%)、苷类(3.1607%)和三萜类化合物(2.1459%)等,其总和占挥发油的92.82%;从瓜蒌皮中鉴定得到26个化合物,主要为醛类(57.09%)、脂肪酸类(15.04%)、烃类(9.78%)、酮类(4.7%)等化合物,其含量之和占挥发油的93.03%。瓜蒌子和瓜蒌皮挥发油中均含(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、2,4-癸二烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、亚油酸、棕榈酸,角鲨烯。研究结果为瓜蒌类药材产品及食品添加剂的开发提供参考。     

脂质氧化产生香味物质

综述了脂质自动氧化、热降解产生的挥发性物质及含有不饱和脂肪酸的脂质氧化在肉风味中的重要作用.着重叙述了脂质氧化生成重要的香味物质醛、酮、醇,并概述了猪肉脂肪受热生成的香味物质.     

Changes in volatile, sensory and microbial profiles during preparation of smoked ewe cheese

BACKGROUND: Oscypek is a special type of Polish smoked ewe cheese with a unique flavour described as slightly sour, piquant, salted and smoked. In this study the volatile, sensory and microbial profiles of Oscypek cheese were analysed during its various preparation stages of curding, scalding, brining and smoking. RESULTS: The smoked ewe cheese was characterised by 54 volatile compounds belonging to nine different chemical groups (free fatty acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, furans/furanones, phenols, sulfur compounds, terpenes). The sensory aroma profile analysis of unsmoked and smoked cheese showed an important correlation with the analysis of volatile compounds. The microbial profile data indicated that in smoked cheese such as Oscypek the levels of selected bacteria diminished after the curding stage as a result of the subsequent scalding, brining and smoking stages. CONCLUSION: From the results it can be concluded that, although the analysed smoked cheese consisted of three groups of compounds, the first derived from biochemical reactions (free fatty acids, esters, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, sulfur compounds), the second from smoking (furans and furanones, phenols) and the third from milk flavour (terpenes), it is the smoking process that mainly influences its typical flavour. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Changes in selected biochemical and sensory parameters as affected by the superficial inoculation of Penicillium camemberti on dry fermented sausages

An atoxigenic strain of Penicillium camemberti was superficially inoculated on fermented sausages in an attempt to improve their sensory properties. The growth of this mould on the surface of the sausages resulted in an intense proteolysis and lipolysis, which caused an increase in the concentration of free amino acids, free fatty acids (FFA) and volatile compounds. Many of these were derived from amino acid catabolism and were responsible for the "ripened flavour", i.e. branched aldehydes and the corresponding alcohols, acids and esters. The development of the fungal mycelia on the surface of the sausages also protected lipids from oxidation, resulting in both lower 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) values and lipid oxidation-derived compounds, such as aliphatic aldehydes and alcohols. The sensory analysis of superficially inoculated sausages showed clear improvements in odour and flavour and, as a consequence, in the overall quality of the sausages. Therefore, this strain is proposed as a potential starter culture for dry fermented sausage production.     

当雄牦牛肉的营养和风味特性

以市售西门塔尔牛肉（下文简称“市售牛肉”）作为对照组,研究当雄牦牛肉的营养和风味特性。采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱联用、凯氏定氮等方法分别分析当雄牦牛肉和市售牛肉中蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、挥发性风味物质、矿物质和维生素差异。结果表明：当雄牦牛肉中蛋白质含量（22.89 g/100 g）显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）,剪切力及蒸煮损失率显著低于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）;当雄牦牛肉中VB1、VE含量显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）,2 种牛肉中的VB2、VA含量无显著差异;当雄牦牛肉中总氨基酸、必需氨基酸、总脂肪酸及不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）;微量元素分析结果发现,当雄牦牛肉中锰、硒、镁、铁、钙元素的含量均显著高于市售牛肉（P＜0.05）;当雄牦牛肉及市售牛肉中分别检测出58、43 种挥发性风味物质,牦牛肉中醇类和酯类的种类及含量均高于市售牛肉,而市售牛肉中酚类、醛类、酮类及含氮化合物的含量均较高。因此,当雄牦牛肉具有较好的食用营养品质。     

不同氨基酸对普洱熟茶呈味物质和香气成分的影响

氨基酸是普洱茶发酵过程中重要的中间物质,对普洱茶内含物质的转化和品质都有着重要的影响。本文探讨了在发酵时添加不同氨基酸对普洱熟茶产品的主要呈味物质和挥发性香气成分的影响。结果表明,添加外源氨基酸组的水浸出物含量在34.82～39.46%之间,茶褐素含量在6.31～7.17%之间,游离氨基酸的含量在6.31～7.17%之间,这三项指标均高于对照组;茶多酚含量在7.76～8.73%之间,水溶性糖在3.07～3.89%之间,均低于对照组,咖啡碱含量与对照组相差不大。挥发性香气成分分析表明,醇类占香气成分的21.17～25.47%、醛类占15.64～18.71%、杂氧化合物类占13.75～17.92%、酯类占7.17～10.25%,这几类物质是主要的香气成分;实验组香气成分中的酯类和杂氧化合物类含量大于对照组,而它们又是陈年普洱茶的主要的特征香气成分。实验表明外源氨基酸对普洱茶汤中的呈味物质以及香气成分的形成有显著影响,能加快普洱茶特殊品质的形成。     

苏尼特羊不同部位肌肉挥发性风味成分和脂肪酸分析

以12月龄苏尼特羊不同部位的肌肉为实验材料,取股二头肌、背最长肌、臂三头肌3个部位肌肉进行挥发性成分和脂肪酸的测定。采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析苏尼特羊肌肉中的挥发性成分。结果表明:3个部位羊肉的挥发性风味成分共鉴定出44种,包括醛类17种、醇类11种、酮类3种、酸类3种、烃类6种、其他化合物4种,通过比较3个不同部位羊肉的挥发性风味成分,筛选影响风味的物质为醛类和醇类,主要风味化合物为己醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和2,3-辛二酮,背最长肌中的醛类和醇类含量高于臂三头肌和股二头肌;苏尼特羊3个部位的饱和脂肪酸与多不饱和脂肪酸含量差异不大,但背最长肌单不饱和脂肪酸的含量要高于股二头肌与臂三头肌,肌肉中的不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,能对羊肉风味的产生有重要作用。     

Comparison of the volatile profiles of Arzúa-Ulloa and Tetilla cheeses manufactured from raw and pasteurized milk

Levels of volatile compounds in Arzúa-Ulloa and Tetilla cheeses manufactured from raw and pasteurized milk were investigated. Analysis of volatile compounds in six raw milk (RM) starter-free cheeses (15–45 days old) and six pasteurized milk (PM) cheeses made with deliberately added starters (15–45 days old) manufactured in different dairies, was performed on an automatic dynamic headspace apparatus coupled to a GC/MS. The volatile fraction of RM cheeses displayed 46 volatile compounds (34 for PM cheeses) including fatty acids, esters, aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, hydrocarbons and sulphur compounds. Fatty acids and several esters were only detected in RM cheeses. Moreover, the highest contents of methylketones, secondary alcohols and branched-chain aldehydes and alcohols were also observed in RM cheeses. All results confirm more intense lipolysis in RM cheeses than in PM cheeses. In addition, branched-chain aldehydes and alcohols were significantly more abundant in RM than in PM cheeses, which indicates that catabolism of branched-chain amino acids was significantly higher in RM cheeses. This study has provided useful information which will allow the selection of starter and non-starter bacteria more suitable for manufacturing Arzúa-Ulloa and Tetilla pasteurized milk cheeses with organoleptic characteristics similar to those of traditional raw milk cheeses.     

两种不同杀菌方式对神仙豆的营养组成及其挥发性成分的影响

为研究两种不同杀菌方式(高温和微波)对神仙豆的营养及其风味的影响,采用国标法、顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)等技术,对神仙豆进行分析鉴定。结果表明:神仙豆的主要挥发性物质分为9类95种,包括醇类(26种)、烃类(21种)、醛类(18种)、酮类(5种)、酸类(5种)、酚类(4种)、酯类(4种)、醚类(3种)和含氮类(9种),但杀菌方式不同,将会直接导致神仙豆的风味成分发生变化。经过高温和微波杀菌处理,醇类、酮类化合物的相对含量明显升高,醚类、醛类、酚类和氮类化合物的相对含量降低,而酸类、酯类和烃类化合物的相对含量变化不明显。此外,两种杀菌方式均有助于促使神仙豆的游离氨基酸总量增加,尤其是鲜味氨基酸的总量明显增多,且采用微波杀菌处理的神仙豆品质优于高温杀菌处理组。     

Influence of ripening temperature on the volatiles profile and flavour of Cheddar cheese made from raw or pasteurised milk

Cheddar cheeses were made from raw (R1, R8) or pasteurised (P1, P8) milk and ripened at 1°C (P1, R1) or 8°C (P8, R8). Volatile compounds were extracted from 6 month-old cheeses and analysed, identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass-spectrometry. A detailed sensory analysis of the cheeses was performed after 4 and 6 months of ripening. The R8 cheeses had the highest and P1 the lowest concentrations of most of the volatile compounds quantified (fatty acids, ketones, aldehydes, esters, alcohols, lactones and methional). The R8 and P8 cheeses contained higher levels of most of the volatiles than R1 and P1 cheeses. Ripening temperature and type of milk influenced most of the flavour and aroma attributes. Principal component analysis (PCA) of aroma and flavour attributes showed that P1 and R1 had similar aroma and flavour profiles, while R8 had the highest aroma and flavour intensities, highest acid aroma and sour flavour. The age of cheeses influenced the perception of creamy/milky and pungent aromas. PCA of the texture attributes separated cheeses on the basis of ripening temperature. The R8 and P8 cheeses received significantly higher scores for perceived maturity than P1 and R1 cheeses. The P1 and R1 cheeses had similar values for perceived maturity. In a related study, it was found that concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids were similar in R1 and P1 during most of the ripening period, and R1 and P1 cheeses had low numbers of non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB). The panel found that ripening temperature, type of milk and age of cheeses did not influence the acceptability of cheese. It is concluded that NSLAB contribute to the formation of volatile compounds and affect the aroma and flavour profiles and the perceived maturity of Cheddar cheese.