马铃薯生全粉对饺子皮蒸煮特性和质构特性的影响

将不同比例(10%、20%、30%、40%和50%)马铃薯生全粉与市售高筋小麦粉复配制备饺子皮,研究马铃薯生全粉含量对饺子皮蒸煮特性、全质构特性、微观结构以及感官等方面的影响。实验结果表明,当马铃薯生全粉添加量为10%时,显著缩短了对照组饺子皮的蒸煮时间,且显著降低了饺子皮的蒸煮损失率。添加了10%马铃薯生全粉制备的饺子皮,其黏弹性、凝胶性和咀嚼性等质构指标均优于对照组饺子皮。但随着马铃薯生全粉添加量的进一步增加,饺子皮的蒸煮时间延长且吸水率和蒸煮损失率上升,其质构指标包括:硬度、弹性、凝胶性和咀嚼性降低,使得饺子皮的色泽、风味、口感和组织等感官评分降低。通过电子扫描显微镜观察也表明,造成饺子皮蒸煮特性和质构特性等劣变的原因是由于添加过多马铃薯生全粉(添加量≥20%)阻碍了饺子皮面团面筋蛋白网状结构的均匀形成。     

糯玉米淀粉对水饺皮品质的影响

为探究糯玉米淀粉对水饺皮品质的影响,研究不同糯玉米淀粉的添加量对生水饺皮色泽、强韧性、可冻结水的含量、微观结构及对冷冻前后水饺皮蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明：在生水饺皮的品质方面,添加糯玉米淀粉可显著提高生水饺皮亮度、强韧性、淀粉的结合程度并降低可冻结水的含量;在冷冻水饺皮的蒸煮品质方面,添加糯玉米淀粉可显著缩短水饺皮的蒸煮时间、降低蒸煮损失、提高剪切硬度并改善感官品质等,其中冷冻后的水饺皮面汤的透明度、蒸煮损失以及水饺皮的剪切硬度和咀嚼性优于未冷冻的水饺皮。因此,添加4%～6%的糯玉米淀粉可有效改善冷冻水饺皮的品质,为糯玉米淀粉在食品行业中的应用提供理论基础。     

Influence of vegetable shortening and emulsifiers on the unfrozen water content and textural properties of frozen French bread dough

The influence of vegetable shortening (VS) and emulsifiers (calcium stearoyl-2-lactylate (CSL) and polysorbate 80 (PS80)) on frozen French bread dough has been studied. Eight formulations without yeast were used with different quantities of VS, CSL and PS80. Dough was prepared by mixing all ingredients in a dough mixer at two speeds. The fresh dough was divided into 60 g pieces and molded. Fresh dough samples were also collected for water content and textural analyses. The dough pieces were packed, frozen in a freezer at −30°C and stored at −18°C up to 56 days. After 2, 7, 21, 28 and 56 days of frozen storage, samples were removed from the freezer, thawed at ambient temperature and textural analyses were conducted.The enthalpy of freezable water on fresh bread dough was determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at the heating rate of 3°C/min, temperature range of −40°C to 20°C. The value of unfrozen water was 0.30–0.34 g H₂O/g solids and additives used during the storage up to 56 days significantly affected the textural properties of frozen dough.     

面团冻藏对陕西Biangbiang面条品质变化的影响

该研究以高筋小麦面粉制作面团,分析-18℃ 下不同冻藏时间(0、5、10、20、30 d)对面团的流变学特性,以及冻藏后制作的Biangbiang面条的可冻结水含量、晶型结构、蒸煮特性、质构特性及微观结构的影响.结果表明,面团的黏弹性随着冻藏时间的延长逐渐下降;面团冻藏30 d后制作的Biangbiang面条中可冻结水...     

麦麸添加量和粒度对饺子皮品质的影响

为了研究麦麸添加量和粒度对饺子皮品质的影响。以饺子粉和不同添加量(1%、3%、5%)及粒度(0.096、0.12、0.18、0.38 mm)的麦麸为原料制成饺子皮,测试饺子皮的质构特性和蒸煮特性,并对饺子皮进行感官评价和微观结构进行观察。结果表明,硬度、胶粘性随着麦麸添加量的增加而显著增加(p<0.05),且随着麦麸粒度的减小而增加;吸水率随着麦麸添加量的增加而显著增加(p<0.05),且随着麦麸粒度的减小而增加;蒸煮损失率随着麦麸添加量的增加而显著减小(p<0.05),且随着麦麸粒度的减小而减小;麦麸可以改善饺子皮口感,增加饺子皮的麦麸香味,但饺子皮的颜色、光泽、光滑性等会有所下降;随着麦麸添加量的增加和粒度的减小,面筋网络结构更加紧密,空隙减小。研究表明,添加5%的粒度为0.12 mm左右的麦麸时,感官评价最好,饺子皮具有较好的综合品质。     

苜蓿冰结构蛋白对速冻饺子皮质地的影响

以“肇东”紫花苜蓿干草为原料,采用冰结合磷酸盐缓冲溶液法提取苜蓿冰结构蛋白（alfalfa ice structuring proteins,AISPs）,确定其分子质量和热滞活性。将AISPs添加到小麦饺子粉中制成饺子皮,并加工成水饺。观察速冻饺子经过不同周期冻融循环的饺子皮冻裂情况,测定饺子皮的持水性及生、熟饺子皮的质构特性。考察AISPs对冻融湿面筋蛋白表征结构的影响。结果显示：AISPs的分子质量约为52?kDa,热滞活性为0.54?℃。随着冻融周期的增加,添加不同比例AISPs饺子皮的持水性显著提高,其生、熟饺子皮的质构特性产生了影响,可有效保护饺子皮质地的均一性及稳定性;添加AISPs的速冻饺子皮无明显开裂。速冻饺子皮的扫描电镜结构表征显示,添加AISPs能有效改善面筋蛋白的网络结构和淀粉颗粒,表明AISPs对速冻饺子皮的质地有良好改善,具有很好的抗冻保护作用。     

真空和面协同冻融处理对油条胚微观结构和品质的影响研究

本研究将不同真空度条件下（0～0.08 MPa）制备的油条胚进行冻融处理（0～3次）,旨在探究真空和面协同冻融处理对油条胚微观结构和品质的影响。通过低场核磁共振、扫描电镜、傅里叶红外光谱等研究真空和面协同冻融处理对油条胚水分分布、微观结构和蛋白二级结构的影响,同时对其所制备油条的含水量、含油率、比容和质构品质进行分析。结果表明:冻融处理破坏了面团的组织结构,减弱了油条胚强结合水的含量,降低了面筋蛋白内部α-螺旋的含量（14.80%～13.61%）,使其蛋白结构松散无序,但随着真空度的增加,油条胚强结合水的含量逐渐增加,且其内部蛋白网络结构的有序化程度有所提升;且冻融处理还可导致油条比容降低（1.82 cm3/g～1.47 cm3/g）、含油率增加（15.08%～16.88%）、硬度和咀嚼性提高,降低油条的质构品质,但真空和面可有效改善油条的含油率（15.08%～12.64%）、比容（1.82 cm3/g～2.38 cm3/g）、硬度等品质,表明真空和面能够通过调控面团内部水分分布和蛋白结构从而减缓冻融处理导致的产品品质劣变。因此,本研究可为速冻油条的规模化生产提供理论依据和指导。     

紫甘薯花色苷对面筋蛋白结构特性及饺子皮品质的影响

将紫甘薯花色苷（purple sweet potato anthocyanins,PSPA）按照不同的添加量（0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%）加入面粉中制成饺子皮,采用傅里叶红外光谱仪、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪、流变仪、物性测定仪等对面筋蛋白的结构特性以及饺子皮的品质进行研究。结果表明：不同添加量PSPA的饺子皮抗氧化性得到一定程度的提高。当PSPA添加量为0.1%～0.4%时,PSPA与面筋蛋白的相互作用使其α-螺旋结构逐渐增加,面筋网络有序性与稳定性增加,起到一定的增筋作用,提高了饺子皮的硬度、咀嚼性及拉伸阻力,同时使饺子皮的蒸煮损失有所降低;而当添加量增加至0.8%时,多酚的还原性及抗氧化性对二硫键的破坏占据了主要作用,弱化了面筋网络,使饺子皮的硬度下降,蒸煮损失升高。     

含水量影响冷冻饺子皮面团力学特性的研究

随着传统文化的升温,人们对非发酵冷冻面团的需求日益增加。研究在确定不同含水量的饺子皮坯冷冻和解冻条件的基础上,重点研究了含水量为46%、48%、50%、52%的面团在冷冻前和历经冷冻、冻藏及室温下自然解冻等工序处理后的硬度、内聚性、拉伸性等力学特性的变化。结果显示:质量为20g直径约为3.5cm的饺子皮坯的在-40℃的条件下,40min后可通过最大冰晶形成带;在-18℃的冻藏条件下,2h后温度基本稳定,室温下的适宜解冻时间为1h。在力学特性方面,含水量48%的面团拉伸性能最好,含水量46%的面团硬度最大,含水量50%的面团冷冻前内聚性最好,含水量为46%的面团冷冻后内聚性最好。     

超声辅助浸渍冷冻对冻藏期间猪肉水饺肉馅水分分布和品质特性的影响

本实验采用不同超声功率研究超声辅助浸渍冷冻（ultrasonic-assisted immersion freezing,UIF）对猪肉水饺肉馅在冻藏期间肉馅水分分布和品质特性的影响。结果表明,与其他组相比,功率为90 W的UIF（UIF-90）样品持水性最高,蒸煮损失最少,破损强度在贮藏后期最大（P＜0.05）,说明与其他处理方式相比,UIF-90显著减少了水饺肉馅的水分损失并保持了肉馅最好的质构特性。与空气冷冻与浸渍冷冻相比,UIF样品过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸反应物值更低（P＜0.05）,其中UIF-90处理组样品最低,说明其蛋白和脂肪氧化程度最低。随着超声功率的增加,所有样品红度（a*值）先升高后降低（P＜0.05）,其中UIF-90处理组样品a*值最高。低场核磁共振分析表明,UIF样品的T21和T22最短,表明适当的超声功率水平降低了游离水和不易流动水的流动性。因此,UIF在适当的超声功率下提高了冷冻水饺肉馅的冻藏品质,其中功率为90 W时效果最好。     

饺子实验室制作与品质评价方法研究

为建立饺子的标准化实验室制作及品质评价方法,采用中国、加拿大、澳大利亚和美国小麦等15 份样品为材料,研究饺子制作过程中和面机转速、面团加水量、和面时间、醒面时间、压片参数等因素对饺子品质的影响,并采用感官评价结合仪器分析对饺子品质进行综合评价。结果表明：饺子制作过程中和面机速度采用中等速度,本实验采用GRL-1000 型和面机,速度68r/min;加水量为40%～47%,依据样品面团强度和蛋白质含量进行调整;和面时间为12min,采用两次和面,第一次和面10min,醒面5min,第二次和面2min,再次醒面5min;采用七道压面工艺,辊间距分别为5.0、4.0、3.0、2.0、1.5、1.2mm 及1.0mm。压面机转速25r/min。饺子品质评价包括生饺子皮外观评价和熟饺子皮外观及口感品尝评价。生饺子皮光亮度L*1h 与感官评价饺子综合色泽呈极显著正相关(r=0.79,P ＜ 0.01),熟饺子皮仪器测定的弹性系数与感官评价饺子弹性呈极显著正相关(r=0.88,P ＜0.01)。采用此评价体系进行饺子品质评价,能较好反映不同小麦品种间的差异。我国小麦品种制作的饺子具有较好的弹性,硬度适中耐煮性一般;加拿大小麦制作的饺子略偏硬,弹性尚可耐煮性好;澳硬白麦制作的饺子硬,弹性偏小,澳标白麦制作的饺子弹性好,但偏软;美国小麦制作的饺子硬,弹性偏小。     

Effect of modified tapioca starch and xanthan gum on low temperature texture stability and dough viscoelasticity of a starch-based food gel

This work investigated the effect of modified tapioca starch and xanthan gum on dough viscoelasticity and texture stability during storage at 4 °C of starch sheets for Chinese shrimp dumplings. Hydroxypropylated starch and hydroxypropylated-crosslinked starch were used to substitute for tapioca starch in the control formulation, and xanthan gum was added to adjust the formulation. During storage, texture of the control became firmer due to amylopectin retrogradation confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. Conversely, gel sheets containing modified starches showed less texture change. Dough viscoelasticity of the formulations substituted by hydroxypropylated starch were much softer and easier to deform than that of the control one. Dough with hydroxypropylated-crosslinked starch was, however, stiffer and more strain-resistant. Moreover, the formulation comprising the mixture of both types of modified starches and xanthan gum gave dough viscoelasticity similar to that of the control, and provided gel sheet the least texture change. Consequently, this modified formulation could be beneficial for the application of frozen/chilled dumpling wrappers.     

冻藏对非发酵面团水分状态及冰晶形态的影响

为明确不同搅拌时间及冻藏过程中,非发酵冷冻面团中水分的状态及分布情况,采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)测定粉质仪和面过程中面团及其冻藏后的水分结合状态及比例的变化情况.结果表明:在面团搅拌过程中,刚离开500 BU时的面团中强结合水比例(A21)最高,弱结合水比例(A22)最低,水分结合状态最好,面筋充分水合.不同...     

漆酶在饺子皮面团制作中的应用

为了探究漆酶对饺子皮品质的影响,分别向面粉中添加0、0.05%、0.1%、0.15%的漆酶(均以面粉质量计)观测漆酶对饺子皮品质的改善状况,并利用质构仪和色差计对饺子皮面团以及饺子皮相关特性进行测定。结果表明:随着漆酶添加量的增加,饺子皮的总色度值L、黄度值a、综合感官评分呈现增加趋势,且添加漆酶量为0.15%时饺子皮感官评分较高。品质雷达图结果表明漆酶的添加量对饺子皮筋性、可塑性、汤特征等指标有显著的改善作用。饺子皮面团质构测定结果表明饺子皮面团的硬度、弹性、咀嚼性与漆酶的添加量成正相关,相关系数分别为0.986、0.996、0.826,对饺子皮面团的回复性影响不显著;相应地,随着漆酶量的增加,面粉中游离巯基含量呈显著减小趋势,面粉持水率呈现先增后减的趋势,且在添加量为0.1%时,面粉的持水率最高,饺子皮的烹煮损失呈递减趋势,且在漆酶添加量为0.15%烹煮损失最低,此情况下制成的饺子皮的口感和品质较好。     

Combined effects of freezing rate, storage temperature and time on bread dough and baking properties

This study compares the effects of freezing temperature and rate as well as storage temperature and time on the quality of frozen dough. Yeasted bread dough was frozen using four freezing rates (19-69 °C/h), then stored at −10, −20, −30, or −35 °C for up to 180 days. Dough strength diminished with longer storage time and higher storage temperatures. Cryo-SEM showed that dough stored at −30 and −35 °C had the least damaged gluten network. NMR studies showed that more rapidly frozen dough, and that stored at lower temperatures had lower transverse relaxation (T₂) times (9-10 ms). However, dough stored at −20 °C displayed the highest yeast activity among samples. Bread loaf volume decreased with storage time, and bread made from dough stored at −20 °C showed the highest loaf volume. Breads produced from −30 and −35 °C stored dough displayed less change in the texture profile during storage as well as less change in T₂ values. Response surface analysis showed that optimal properties occurred at freezing rates of around 19-41 °C/h and storage temperatures of −15 to −20 °C.     

抗冻蛋白对预发酵冷冻面团中蛋白质特性及水分状态的影响

采用Ellman’s试剂比色法、十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术、傅里叶变换红外光谱技术以及核磁共振技术,研究冻藏和冻融循环条件下抗冻蛋白对冷冻面团的蛋白质特性以及水分子存在状态的影响。结果表明：经过冻藏和冻融循环,冷冻面团中游离巯基含量上升,二硫键含量下降。添加抗冻蛋白对冷冻面团亚基无影响。随着冻藏时间的延长,二级结构中分子间β-折叠含量增大,β-转角含量减小,而冻融循环使得α-螺旋结构含量下降,添加抗冻蛋白组的蛋白质特性变化均小于无添加组。无添加抗冻蛋白冷冻面团的失水率明显升高,驰豫时间随冻藏时间的延长逐渐变大,结合水含量减少,表明抗冻蛋白能够抑制二硫键的断裂和二级结构的变化,减少冰晶的重结晶,防止面团的水分散失,维持面团的持水能力。     

Effect of vacuum mixing on the quality characteristics of fresh noodles

Effect of vacuum mixing on the physicochemical properties, microstructure and water status of fresh noodles was investigated. Color changes, moisture, water activity, cooking quality and texture properties were measured as affected by different vacuum degrees. In addition, effect of vacuum mixing on the water status in noodles was evaluated at macroscopic, structural and molecular levels. Noodle brightness, cooking and texture properties were significantly (P < 0.05) improved as vacuum degrees increased, except that −0.08 MPa imparted slightly larger cooking loss and worse texture to low protein noodles. Both high and low protein flour noodles presented the best cooking and textural properties while mixed at −0.06 MPa. Furthermore, vacuum mixing induced a more continuous and compact noodle structure, as shown in the SEM investigation. Water–solids interaction in the products was shown to be enhanced by the decreased water mobility, lower freezable water content (FW%), and the stronger proton density of T₂₁.     

速冻糯米粉团品质研究

研究发现冷藏过程糯米凝胶脱水收缩作用,能促使速冻糯米粉团冷藏后表面开裂,适当添加猪脂,有利于减缓这个现象发生,通过显微照片分析,发现在粉团中的凝胶脱水收缩后成网状结构,采用正交试验得出的配方为水分40%、凝胶30%、猪脂8.0%,速冻冷藏后糯米粉团表面基本能消除裂纹现象。     

Effect of freezing and frozen storage on the gelatinization and retrogradation of amylopectin in dough baked in a differential scanning calorimeter

Frozen and non-frozen dough were baked in a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) pan (heated in the calorimeter at temperatures similar to those of the center of the crumb during baking) and were aged at different temperatures. Gelatinized dough (DSC-baked dough) was heated again in the DSC. This methodology permitted us to study the effects of dough freezing and frozen storage on gelatinization and retrogradation of starch. During storage of frozen doughs at −18 °C an increase in the gelatinization enthalpy after 150 day of storage was observed. At 230 days of frozen storage a decrease in the onset temperature and an increase in the gelatinization temperature range was also detected. An increase of starch retrogradation with time of storage in frozen conditions was observed. During the aging of dough baked in DSC, a higher retrogradation temperature range was detected together with a faster retrogradation of starch at low temperature of aging.     

和面及揉面方式对冷冻熟面品质的影响

为研究不同和面方式(真空、普通和手工)以及不同揉面方式(机器揉面、手工揉面和不揉面)对冷冻熟面蒸煮和质构特性的影响,采用低场核磁技术分析加工方法对面条中水分状态的影响,并通过高效液相色谱图分析面条内部蛋白质的变化。结果显示:采用真空和面的冷冻熟面质构性质和蒸煮特性最好,深层次结合水比例高,SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)蛋白可提取率低,说明真空和面可以促进面筋蛋白的交联,使面筋形成更加充分均匀,与水分的结合更加紧密;揉面过程尤其是手工揉面可以使冷冻熟面的蒸煮特性和质构性质提高,使深层次结合水含量升高,SDS蛋白可提取率降低,说明揉面可以促进面筋蛋白与水的结合,使面筋蛋白形成更加充分。