基于低场核磁共振技术监测谷子萌发过程中内部水分变化

为研究谷子在萌发过程中水分分布及变化规律,本研究采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)对谷子浸泡和发芽过程进行了动态监测。结果表明,谷子浸泡过程中,内部水分以结合水为主,部分结合水逐渐转化为自由水,总水、自由水及结合水含量均快速增加后趋于稳定,确定浸泡最佳时间为10 h。谷子发芽过程中,内部水分以半结合水和结合水为主,部分结合水、自由水逐渐转化为半结合水,结合水小幅度减少的同时总水、半结合水及自由水明显增多。本研究所揭示的谷子浸泡和发芽过程中内部水分变化规律,为小米发芽产品的开发和应用奠定了理论基础。     

青香蕉微波干燥特性及动力学模型研究

为探究青香蕉微波干燥过程中的水分扩散特性,通过开展青香蕉微波干燥试验,考察了青香蕉在不同微波功率密度（3、5、7、9 W/g）下干燥特性,建立了青香蕉微波干燥试验模型;利用低场核磁共振技术（low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR）考察了干燥过程中青香蕉内部水分分布状态与变化规律。结果表明,青香蕉微波干燥过程中干燥速率呈现先上升后下降的趋势;有效扩散系数在1.082×10?8~7.708×10?8 m2/s之间,并随着微波功率密的升高而增大。核磁共振试验表明干燥过程中,自由水最先被去除,不易流动水整体呈现先上升后下降的趋势,结合水整体呈上升趋势;随着微波干燥的时间延长,三种状态水分峰面积减小且总峰向弛豫时间减少的方向移动,干燥结束时,青香蕉中的自由水基本被去除,内部水分主要以结合水和不流动水状态存在。通过对青香蕉干燥动力学模型拟合发现,Page模型拟合度较高（R2>0.9）,可为有效描述青香蕉微波干燥过程中水分随时间的变化规律提供依据。     

利用低场核磁共振分析烘烤过程烟叶水分迁移干燥特性

为探究烘烤过程烟叶水分状态及迁移变化规律,以上部叶为试验材料,利用低场核磁共振技术分别对烘烤过程烟叶叶片和主脉进行弛豫特性及质子密度成像分析。结果表明:(1)叶片含有自由水、半结合水和结合水3种状态水分,主脉含有自由水、半结合水2种状态水分,烘烤过程烟叶主脉各对应状态水分流动性大于叶片;(2)42~48℃和54~60℃分别为叶片和主脉水分状态迁移变化的关键时期;烘烤过程烟叶叶片和主脉中自由水最先被干燥去除,而半结合水和结合水需要转化为自由水才能散失,其中少量结合水难以通过干燥脱除。(3)烘烤过程主脉水分由"主脉—侧脉—叶片"通道迁移效率较高,由主脉直接向叶片转移效率较低;另外,叶片厚度收缩率和主脉直径收缩率分别与其自由水散失规律密切相关。研究揭示了烘烤过程烟叶的干燥特性,可以为其烘烤工艺优化提供理论依据。     

利用LF-NMR技术分析油桃干燥过程中内部水分的变化

为研究油桃内部水分分布及干燥过程中水分迁移规律,为油桃的保藏及加工提供新思路。利用LF-NMR技术测定了不同含水量油桃的信号强度与水分含量的关系及水分分布情况,并测定了不同干燥方式的油桃片横向弛豫时间(T2)的变化,进而分析了油桃内部水分状态及变化规律。研究结果表明:油桃的含水量与信号强度呈显著正相关,拟合方程为:y=12.415x-596.67(R2=0.9822);MRI图像可以清晰反映油桃的果肉、核壳、核仁儿等结构及其水分分布情况;新鲜油桃中含有三种状态的水,分别是结合水、不易流动水和自由水,其中自由水约为90%,结合水约为1%,剩下的为不易流动水;干燥处理能够降低水分的自由度,T2值减小,且鼓风干燥的T2减小速度比真空干燥的快;鼓风干燥过程中不易流动水向自由水迁移,自由水向外迁移散失,而真空干燥中的自由水一部分向外迁移散失,另一部分向不易流动水迁移。该研究为油桃的保藏与干燥实际产业化生产控制提供理论依据。     

利用LF-NMR研究牛肉粒微波干燥过程中水分迁移和分布变化

水分是食品体系特别是干制品中重要的组成部分。干制品中水分的含量、分布和存在状态的差异会对其风味、质地、稳定性及货架期产生显著影响。所以研究食品干燥过程中水分的分布和迁移变化规律具有重要意义。利用低场核磁共振(Lowfield-nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术研究一种牛肉粒在高火、中高火、中火和中低火微波干燥过程中水分的分布和迁移变化规律。T2弛豫测试结果显示,牛肉粒中的水分可以分为结合水、不易流动水和自由水3个组分,在不同功率干燥的过程中,不易流动水能够部分转化为结合水,转化而来的结合水弛豫时间较原组织结合水增加;核磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging,MRI)结果直观地显示出,微波干燥是一个均匀的干燥过程,牛肉粒内部和外部同时失水,且微波干燥功率越高,失水速率越快。中高火微波干燥时,水分含量高(20.87%)而水分活度低(0.676),故为牛肉粒最佳干燥功率。     

基于LF-NMR的糙米发芽过程水分状态变化

本研究应用低场核磁共振(LF-NMR)技术,测定了不同发芽时间糙米的横向弛豫时间T2反演谱,分析了糙米发芽过程的内部水分状态及变化规律。实验表明:浸泡过程糙米存在结合水向自由水迁移趋势,其总含水量、结合水和自由水含量均不断上升,自由水变化幅度更大,糙米含水量与T2信号总幅值存在高相关性(R20.96)。发芽过程总含水量和自由水含量持续波动上升,结合水含量则逐步下降。粳糙米结合水含量高于籼糙米,但籼糙米自由水变化幅度高于粳糙米。LF-NMR技术为糙米发芽过程中各相态水分分布及变化规律提供了直观的参考依据。     

低场核磁共振技术分析玉米干燥过程中水分的赋存状态

为了解物料在干燥过程中的水分变化,以玉米籽粒为研究对象,采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)结合干燥曲线,研究在不同的干燥温度下(50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 80℃和90℃),玉米籽粒内部的水分赋存状态及迁移规律。结果表明,玉米主要存在3种状态的水:自由水、半结合水和结合水,对应于3个明显的吸收峰。随干燥时间的延续和温度的升高,各吸收峰均向左迁移且信号幅值变小,核磁锋面积总和显著降低,自由水对应的信号幅值降幅最大,表明干燥温度越高,干燥时间越长,失水越多,而自由水散失的最多。另外,低场核磁总信号面积与干基含水率呈显著的线性关系,因此,在生产实践中,利用核磁共振无损检测可间接测得玉米在干燥过程中的水分含量。     

马铃薯燕麦复合面条热泵-热风联合干燥质热传递规律分析

本研究采用新型热泵-热风联合干燥技术对马铃薯燕麦复合面条进行干燥处理,采用低场核磁共振(low fieldnuclearmagneticresonance,LF-NMR)技术及扫描电子显微镜分析其干燥过程中的干燥特性及水分状态迁移等质热传递规律。结果表明:热泵温度越高、转换点含水率越大、热风温度越高,越有利于干燥的进行及水分的扩散;Midilli模型适宜描述复合面条热泵-热风联合干燥行为;不同干燥条件下复合面条的有效水分扩散系数在3.82×10-10～5.12×10-10 m2/s之间;LF-NMR结果表明:干燥过程中总水分含量持续下降,弱结合水峰左移且峰值降低,即弱结合水含量下降最多,且自由度降低,大部分弱结合水向自由水迁移,部分向深层结合水迁移;到达平衡含水率时结合水占比大于自由水,干基水分含量与峰面积呈极显著正相关(P0.01);核磁共振成像结果显示面条中部氢质子密度最大,随着干燥的进行,氢质子向外部迁移,复合面条微观结构越来越致密,深层结合水与大分子结合紧密,面筋网络更加完整。     

双孢菇远红外干燥过程中内部水分的变化规律

利用低场核磁共振技术分析远红外干燥双孢菇内部水分分布及变化规律,研究在50、60、70 ℃条件下,切片厚度为3、5、7 mm双孢菇切片干燥过程中内部水分变化。结果表明：双孢菇中主要存在自由水、弱结合水和结合水3 种状态水,其中切片厚度为3、5、7 mm双孢菇片自由水含量（M23值）分别为9 048.26、12 038.71、17 532.27,在3 种状态水中所占比例最大。在相同干燥温度条件下,切片厚度为3 mm的双孢菇自由水和弱结合水去除所需的时间最短;随着干燥温度的升高,3、5、7 mm双孢菇片中自由水和弱结合水含量逐渐降低。3 种切片厚度的双孢菇在不同温度干燥过程中结合水含量无明显下降趋势,说明干燥过程中脱去的主要是自由水和部分弱结合水,结合水基本不会去除,因此结合水含量对双孢菇远红外干燥效果无明显影响。     

食用菌恒温干燥过程中MRI成像及水分迁移变化

利用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)技术研究了7种食用菌(茶树菇、杏鲍菇、金针菇、双孢蘑菇、蟹味菇、香菇、花菇)在恒温干燥过程中内部水分分布和迁移规律。自旋-自旋弛豫测定结果显示,食用菌中主要存在3种组成水:自由水、不易流动水和结合水,干燥主要脱除了自由水和不易流动水,结合水无明显变化。通过核磁共振成像(nuclear magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)进一步发现,7种食用菌内部水分分布都不均匀,且不同食用菌水在同一阶段水分流失速度不尽相同。LF-NMR技术成功实现了食用菌干燥过程中内部水分的在线监测,为食用菌干燥工艺提供了理论依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.