对甲苯磺酰氯生产中副产物的清洁利用研究

对甲苯磺酸是一种重要的化工中间体。本文主要研究对甲苯磺酰氯生产中副产物废硫酸为磺化剂制备对甲苯磺酸的清洁工艺。考察了甲苯和浓硫酸的投料比、反应温度、反应时间、结晶的析出温度等因素对精制后产品纯收率的影响。通过单因素法确定最佳的合成工艺。最佳的工艺条件为：甲苯：浓硫酸（98%）为3：1（摩尔比）、反应温度为120℃、反应时间为4 h、结晶的析出温度为50℃。在最佳工艺条件下,产品的收率在62%左右,纯度为98%以上。     

2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯基异丙基醚的合成工艺研究

以2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯酚为原料,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,碳酸钾为缚酸剂,滴加溴代异丙烷合成2,4-二氯-5-硝基苯基异丙基醚。研究了物料配比、缚酸剂和反应溶剂的用量、反应温度及反应时间对反应收率的影响。在优化的工艺条件下,产品纯度为95．1％,反应收率为95．5％。该方法具有合成成本低、产品纯度高、工艺操作简便等优点,便于工业化生产。     

气-液氧化制备2-硝基-4-甲砜基苯甲酸工艺的研究

以2-硝基-4-甲砜基甲苯为原料,应用空气-硝酸联合氧化法合成出2-硝基-4-甲砜基苯甲酸,研究了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间、硝酸的滴加速率、空气的加入速率等工艺参数对合成产品收率的影响,获得了较佳的合成工艺参数。放大实验结果表明,在最佳工艺条件下产品收率达到85%,纯度达到97.1%。     

4B酸合成工艺的研究

以对硝基甲苯为原料经还原，磺化两步反应合成4B酸，通过正交试验确定最佳工艺条件为磺化温度175℃，硫酸与对甲苯胺的摩尔比为1．1：1，活性炭与对硝基甲苯的质量比为1：20，在优化条件下，碘化收率达到93．7％，4B酸的总收率达到83．3％，产品纯度为98％，产品经元素分析、高效液相色谱分析证实了它的结构和纯度。，     

高含量2，4’-二羟基二苯砜的合成

以邻二氯苯为溶剂，苯酚、硫酸为原料，通过添加催化剂亚磷酸合成2，4＇-二羟基二苯砜（2，4＇-BPS），确定了较好工艺条件：n苯酯：n100%硫酸=2．2：1，亚磷酸16g，回流时间8．0h，2，4＇-BPS含量为47．42％，粗收率为70．0％，产品为白色的结晶。同时还研究了以较便宜二氯甲苯为溶剂合成2，4＇-BPS的工艺条件：n苯酚：n100％硫酸=2．2：1，不加催化剂，反应时间5．0h，二氯甲苯200g，2，4＇-BPS含量为42．21％，粗收率为91．7％，产品为浅粉色结晶。     

醇析法合成过碳酸钠工艺优化研究

为确定醇析法合成过碳酸钠工艺,对反应温度、原料配比、反应时间及乙醇加入量对产品活性氧含量与收率的影响进行了考察。最后得出,反应温度对产品收率和活性氧含量的影响最大,乙醇加入量次之,反应时间和原料配比也有一定影响。通过实验得出最佳实验条件：反应温度为15 ℃,原料配比（碳酸钠与过氧化氢物质的量比）为1∶1.5,双氧水滴加时间为15 min,乙醇加入量为60 mL,反应时间为60 min。     

高效有机硅杀菌剂的工艺改进

中国药科大学的孙晓泉等人对双（4-氟苯基）甲基氯甲基硅烷和氟硅唑的合成工艺进行了改进。双（4-氟苯基）甲基氯甲基硅烷优选的工艺为：（氯甲基）甲基二氯硅烷滴加时间90min、反应温度20℃、反应时间2h，收率84％，纯度83％。格氏试剂合成的温度为50～55℃，反应时间3h。氟硅唑合成的最佳反应条件为：温度70℃=、2-丁酮作溶剂、反应时间3h，收率73％，纯度98％。     

相转移催化合成对甲苯苄醚

在相转移催化剂存在下，以对甲苯酚、氯化苄为原料合成对甲苯苄醚，研究了反应温度、反应时间、原料配比和催化剂用量等条件对合成反应的影响，确定了较佳工艺条件。该方法合成对甲苯苄醚的较佳工艺条件是：110℃、反应3h、n(对甲苯酚)：n(氯化苄)为1：1．2、n(对甲苯酚)：n(氢氧化钠)为1：1．1；催化剂用量为9．26％(相对于对甲苯酚)，对甲苯苄醚的收率可达到93．43％以上，产品纯度为98．5％(质量分数)。     

在煤油溶剂中合成2B酸的研究

研究了以煤油为溶剂合成2B酸的工艺，选定了优惠工艺条件（浓硫酸与2B油的摩尔比为1：1．05，磺化温度为200－205℃，磺化时间为210min)，产品收率在92％左右，产品纯度在98．5％以上，溶剂回收率在90％以上。     

热稳定剂N-苯基马来酰亚胺的小试研究

以顺丁烯二酸酐和苯胺为原料，合成N-苯基马来酰亚胺，用甲苯做溶剂。加入复合催化剂和分配剂，通过实验确定了最佳工艺条件，产品收率为92％(质量分数)，产品纯度达到98％。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。