我国食品接触材料安全性评估体系构建

食品接触材料中所有可能迁移到食品中的物质均需要评估,包括单体、起始物和添加剂等有意添加物,以及杂质、生产过程中产生的副反应产物和降解物等非有意添加物。食品接触材料的安全性评估主要分为上市前的安全性评估和上市后的监测评估。目前,国际上食品接触材料上市前的安全性评估主要有美国和欧盟两种评估模式,两种方法各有优缺点。我国目前尚未建立食品接触材料上市前安全性评估的基本参数。构建我国食品接触材料安全性评估体系是国家食品安全风险评估专家委员会确定的"十三五"期间的重点工作。本文介绍了我国食品接触材料安全性评估体系的构成、预期目标以及食品接触材料风险评估面临的挑战。     

不同国家和国际组织食品接触材料的风险评估

通过对欧盟、美国、加拿大和我国食品接触材料的基本定义、食品接触材料风险评估需要递交的资料和暴露评估的介绍,了解不同国家或国际组织对食品接触材料的风险评估方法,从而对国际上食品接触材料的风险评估有更清晰的认识。     

AS和ABS塑料类食品接触材料中丙烯腈的迁移研究

目的研究AS(丙烯腈-苯乙烯)和ABS(丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯)塑料食品接触材料中丙烯腈的迁移行为。方法采用顶空气相色谱法测定丙烯腈在不同食品模拟物和不同条件下的迁移量,研究食品模拟物、温度和时间对丙烯腈迁移量的影响,并和丙烯腈单体残留量作对比。结果 AS塑料食品接触材料中丙烯腈迁移量要高于ABS塑料;在相同的使用时间和温度下,50%乙醇模拟物中丙烯腈的迁移量最大;在同种食品模拟物中,丙烯腈迁移量随着接触时间的延长、接触温度的升高而增加。结论 AS塑料食品接触材料与ABS塑料食品接触材料相比,AS塑料食品接触材料中丙烯腈在食品模拟物中更容易析出,存在的安全风险更大。     

中国和欧盟食品接触材料新品种管理模式研究

食品接触材料新品种的风险评估及风险管理对保障食品安全、促进行业创新具有重要意义。本文通过对比我国和欧盟食品接触材料风险管理机构、法规管理框架、原料管理模式和新品种风险评估等方面的优缺点,梳理欧盟模式中值得我国借鉴的内容,为优化我国食品接触材料新品种风险评估及风险管理模式提出建议。     

毒理学关注阈值方法在食品接触材料风险评估中的应用

食品接触材料中包含诸多有意添加的化学助剂,在生产和使用过程中还会引入大量非有意添加物。食品接触材料中的有意和非有意添加物质种类繁多,难以得出所有物质完整的毒理学数据;而且食品接触材料中存在一些低暴露量的物质,它们对人体造成的风险较小而不必要进行传统的风险评估。毒理学关注阈值（threshold oftoxicological concern,TTC）方法作为一种新的风险评估工具,可以对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。本文综述TTC方法对食品接触材料中的物质（结构确定和结构未知的物质）进行风险评估的具体应用。对结构已知的物质,可以参照欧洲国际生命科学学会（European International Life Sciences Institute,ILSI）专家组提出的TTC决策树方法;对于未鉴定结构的物质,可以引用一个分步分析的方法,得出未知物质是否需要进行安全关注。本文还指出了TTC方法在食品接触材料风险评估中应用的难点和今后需解决的问题,可为食品接触材料中缺乏毒性数据物质的风险评估提供依据。     

食品接触材料食品安全国家标准体系建设

本文以食品接触材料类食品安全国家标准体系建设为主线，结合食品接触材料风险监测、风险评估及相关基础研究在标准体系建设中发挥的作用，展现国家食品安全风险评估中心成立十年间在食品接触材料安全性管理方面取得的工作成效，分析目前存在的短板和原因，提出后续工作方向。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的安全评估

食品接触材料所迁移出的非有意添加物(non intentionally added substance,NIAS)作为影响食品安全的重要因素而日益受到关注。由于这些NIAS来源复杂且相当数量是未知,给食品接触材料的安全评估和监管带来很大的挑战。基于毒理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern,TTC)方法,结合Cramer决策树方法、化学和生物分析技术的使用,可建立一个针对食品接触材料中NIAS的快速筛查和安全评价模型,对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。选择Cramer III所对应的1.5μg/kg BW作为NIAS通用安全暴露阈值,通过分步评估手段,可以得出所迁移未知物质是否需要予以安全关注,重点对食品接触材料迁移高于该TTC的物质进行进一步的确证和风险评估,实现对食品接触材料中高关注物的安全评价从基于检测限模式向TTC安全阈值模式的转变,从而避免不必要的动物试验,节约大量人力、物力和时间,有利于加快食品接触材料中低暴露量化学物质的风险评估和提升产品安全管理效能。     

食品接触用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯材料回收再利用风险评估方法学进展

聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)因其优越的性能和安全性而广泛用于饮料包装行业。PET材料的广泛使用产生了大量废弃PET。PET的回收再生不仅可以降低健康风险,还可以减少环境污染、节约资源。再生PET用于食品接触材料需要经过系统的风险评估。美国、欧盟、法国等国家或国际组织已经建立了食品接触用PET材料回收再利用的风险评估体系。本文综述了不同国家或国际组织对食品接触用回收PET材料风险评估的主要方法及其优缺点,从而为我国进行相关工作提供借鉴。     

食品接触用铝和铝合金材料及制品中铝元素的迁移及风险评估

目的 研究食品接触用铝和铝合金材料及制品中的铝在不同食品模拟物及迁移条件下的迁移规律,开展来源于食品接触用铝和铝合金材料及制品的铝的风险评估,评估其膳食暴露风险,提出安全性管理建议.方法 选择4％乙酸(体积分数)、5 g/L柠檬酸和人造自来水3种食品模拟物,分别在煮沸0.5 h后室温放置24 h和煮沸2 h两种迁移试验...     

气相色谱-质谱法测定食品接触材料及制品中2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇迁移量

建立了食品接触材料及制品中2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇迁移量的气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）测定方法。样品采用食品安全国家标准GB 31604.1-2015中食品模拟物4%乙酸和95%乙醇浸泡。水基模拟物（4%乙酸）经过乙腈萃取,用HP-5 MS（30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm）色谱柱分离后,建立了气相色谱-质谱法,外标法定量。本方法灵敏度高、检测速度快、准确率高,能用于食品接触材料中2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇迁移量的测定。 关键词：食品接触材料;食品模拟物;2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇迁移量;气相色谱-质谱法     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.